{"id":10618,"date":"2020-09-04T22:16:34","date_gmt":"2020-09-05T05:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=10618"},"modified":"2020-09-05T04:48:50","modified_gmt":"2020-09-05T11:48:50","slug":"post2-104","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=10618","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;The wind turbines standing up to the world\u2019s worst storms&#8221;, BBC Future"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By Lu-Hai Liang, Future Planet,\u00a0<span class=\"b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300\">3rd September 2020<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>Mariel Robedizo Engranes was 15 when Typhoon Haiyan hit. She was living in her hometown of Dolores, Eastern Samar, in eastern Philippines. The country regularly experiences typhoons but Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Yolanda, was extraordinary. It arrived on 8 November 2013, and it was one of the most powerful tropical cyclones ever recorded.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBefore 6am, I heard my mum shouting and screaming,\u201d Engranes remembers of the morning that Yolanda struck. \u201cI noticed the water in our house already. The waves were very high.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Typhoon Haiyan caused a storm surge \u2013 palm trees were uprooted by winds that reached 314km\/h (195mph), and roofs were torn off. More than 6,300 people lost their lives in the storm, and thousands more were displaced. For those who survived, a lack of power made the process of rebuilding their lives harder.<\/p>\n<p>Engranes says her neighbourhood was without electricity for two months following the typhoon. \u201cFor some areas, it even took them three months,\u201d she says. \u201cBut on a normal basis, like even before Haiyan, electricity is unstable in our place.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Substantial winds are good for electricity production, but the very high wind speeds in storms can overwhelm traditional turbines (Credit: Getty Images)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article-body-native-ad article-body__body-text\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>For the Philippines, a reliable electricity supply is a challenge for many islands of the archipelagic country, and typhoons exacerbate the situation. After a natural disaster, precisely when power is needed most, it is hardest to provide. But a novel answer could come from engineers in another disaster-prone region: Japan.<\/p>\n<p><em>You might also like:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete\">The world\u2019s growing concrete coasts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200713-the-most-powerful-renewable-energy\">The most powerful renewable energy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200708-the-albatrosses-who-catch-pirates-on-the-high-seas\">The spies hunting fish pirates<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A start-up called Challenergy, based in Tokyo, has designed and built a wind turbine specifically engineered to operate in typhoon-prone areas. For Atsushi Shimizu, founder and chief executive of Challenergy, the ideal place for these robust wind turbines is somewhere like Eastern Samar where reliable electricity is scarce.<\/p>\n<p>But it wasn\u2019t Typhoon Haiyan that originally inspired Shimizu. It was another natural disaster \u2013 one that deeply affected the Japanese people. The 2011 T\u014dhoku (or Sendai) earthquake off the east coast of Japan was extremely powerful and generated a tsunami. This tsunami engulfed the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Okuma, Fukushima prefecture, and caused three nuclear meltdowns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>The Fukushima disaster resulted in the Japanese government turning away from nuclear energy. Previously, 54 nuclear reactors supplied almost a third of Japan\u2019s electricity, but today 24 of Japan\u2019s 33 reactors remain switched off. One of the consequences was the country losing its enviable status as a leader in low greenhouse-gas emissions.<\/p>\n<p>Typhoons over East and Southeast Asia are prone to some of the worst typhoons in the world (Credit: Getty Images)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>When the earthquake struck, Shimizu was working at a company making sensors. The 41-year-old saw that his country would need to pivot from nuclear energy, and he felt compelled to start researching renewable alternatives.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf\">Japan\u2019s total energy consumption is one of the world\u2019s largest<\/a>, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/en\/category\/special\/article\/energyissue2019_01.html#topic02\">only 7.6% comes from renewable energy, with 87.4% coming from fossil fuels<\/a> (for 2017, the latest results available). Looking through texts on renewables, he saw that Japan had great opportunity for wind energy, but that the country had very few wind turbines; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484718302671\">wind power only accounts for 1.5% of total energy production<\/a> in Japan. Shimizu was puzzled.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bend it like Magnus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are numerous obstacles that have slowed Japan\u2019s adoption of wind power, says Yoko Kobayashi, who works as the manager for projects for Japan Wind Development, one of the country\u2019s largest developers of wind energy. One of them is the typhoons. In 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-50020108\">Typhoon Hagibis was one of the strongest and largest typhoons to hit mainland Japan in decades<\/a>. From 9-13 October 2019, Hagibis left over 270,000 households without power and caused losses greater than $15bn (\u00a311bn) in Japan.<\/p>\n<p>Kyushu, the southern and westernmost of Japan\u2019s five main islands, and especially the island chain of Okinawa, which lie south of Kyushu, are the most prone to typhoons. Kobayashi says her company has tried to develop wind farms in Kyushu, but found some areas are simply \u201ctoo strong\u201d in terms of both wind speed and turbulence.<\/p>\n<p>It is in such conditions that Shimizu hopes his design will not only withstand high wind speeds but also harness their power. He plans to do so using a radically different design from usual turbines. Most commercial wind turbines, like the ones found in northern Europe, operate along a horizontal axis using propeller-like blades. But Shimizu\u2019s design is on a vertical axis, with cylinders in place of blades, and which make use of a physics phenomenon known as the Magnus effect.<\/p>\n<p>Atsushi Shimizu hopes that his whisk-like design will be substantially more robust than the conventional turbines (Credit: Getty Images)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>Named after the German physicist Heinrich Gustav Magnus, who described the phenomenon in 1852, the best everyday example of the Magnus effect is in ball sports. In soccer, baseball, tennis and cricket, players will often add spin to the ball. For example, when a tennis player hits the ball, they can also brush the racket upwards or downwards on impact, setting the ball spinning as it flies through the air. As the ball rotates, it starts to curve away from the trajectory that it would follow if it were not spinning \u2013 this deviation from the ordinary arc is the result of the Magnus effect.<\/p>\n<p>Challenergy\u2019s wind turbine uses motors that first spin its three cylinders. As these cylinders spin, they generate the Magnus effect, as they are placed in air flow \u2013 like a ball spinning in the air \u2013 and this rotates the turbine. The turbine is designed such that it will only rotate if these cylinders are spinning and the wind is blowing. While the motors require an energy input to spin, this is only up to approximately 10% of the power generated by the turbine, according to Challenergy.<\/p>\n<p>The advantages of this turbine, in its vertical axis and Magnus-effect-exploiting design, is that it can adjust to any wind direction, and power generation can be controlled in accordance with the wind speed. The latter is done via flaps or \u201ccylinder wings\u201d incorporated alongside the spinning cylinders, which can be adjusted to control the magnitude of the Magnus effect. \u201cWe contour the spin of the cylinder to the wind speed,\u201d says Shimizu. Because the Magnus effect acts as the main driver, the rotation of the turbine is almost 10 times slower than conventional blade turbines. This means they are less noisy, and Shimizu is also studying whether the lower rotational speed has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200302-how-do-wind-farms-affect-bats-birds-and-other-wildlife\">a less detrimental effect on passing birds<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Challenergy turbine models in action so far have survived their first typhoons with significant wind speeds (Credit: Challenergy)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>Although Shimizu\u2019s turbine may look impressive, it is in fact dwarfed by conventional propeller turbines. The blades of conventional propeller turbines in Japan typically reach 40m with a tower height of almost 80m. Conventional turbines in Hokkaido, for example, have a maximum output of three megawatts (MW). The Challenergy wind turbine, in contrast, currently generates 10KW (or 0.01MW). But Shimizu plans to scale up his turbine to reach 100KW, which would require a turbine around 50m tall.<\/p>\n<p>While they might never be as efficient as the conventional turbines, the appeal of these whisk-shaped structures is their robustness. The 10KW version, installed in Ishigaki, Okinawa, has already recorded its first electricity generation during a typhoon, which Challenergy believes is a world first. In October 2019, Ishigaki escaped Typhoon Hagibis, but a smaller storm, Typhoon Mitag, struck the island. Challenergy\u2019s sensors recorded a maximum wind speed of 43 to 45m\/s (metres per second) \u2013 96-100mph \u2013 during the storm. They claim their unit can survive winds of up to 70m\/s (156mph) but has an upper operating limit of 40m\/s (89mph). To put this into perspective, the Typhoon Hagibis had 10-minute sustained winds of 54m\/s (120mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 72m\/s (160mph), which means only the very peak of the largest typhoons would pose a threat to the turbine.<\/p>\n<p>Most propeller turbines today have an operating limit of around 20-30m\/s (44-67mph). Alex Byrne, a principal engineer at DNV GL, a Norway-headquartered international energy consulting company, and who specialises in wind energy, says that this is a design decision. \u201cIf a turbine designer chose to, they could design a turbine to operate up to 40m\/s as well. But it makes more sense economically for most sites that they are targeting with their turbines to design it for a lower cut-out wind speed,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keeping the lights on<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For many sites around the world where turbines are active, there may be winds of 25m\/s (56mph) or more just a few hours per year. For such sites, it doesn\u2019t make sense to create very strong turbines. \u201cChallenergy is targeting an application that modern wind turbines do not target. This is neither good nor bad, it just means Challenergy needs to make sure the economics work out for their application,\u201d says Byrne.<\/p>\n<p>Challenergy\u2019s turbines are priced at $250,000 (\u00a3190,000), which is expensive considering that small standard propeller wind turbines of comparable power typically cost tens of thousands of dollars. Large, commercial wind turbines cost upwards of $2m (\u00a31.5m) but as they generate megawatts of power, they tend to be more economical in the long term.<\/p>\n<p>Kobayashi agrees that the average wind speed for a site is very important to work out which kind of turbine makes financial sense. For sites that experience high wind speeds only very occasionally, Challenergy\u2019s turbines would be an expensive case of over-engineering. However, if the wind turbine can generate electricity for longer, when other turbines might be non-operational due to high wind speeds or turbulence, then this such a turbine could come into its own.<\/p>\n<p>The Philippines, the most typhoon-prone country in Asia, could make a good site for these robust turbines for other reasons too. In many areas of the Philippines small-scale diesel generators are common, but shipping diesel across the archipelago drives up costs \u2013 especially for more remote islands \u2013 making renewable alternatives more appealing. Local Philippine governments have committed to purchasing seven of Challenergy\u2019s turbines, which will form part of a number of micro-grids.<\/p>\n<p>These micro-grids will incorporate solar technology as well as Challenergy\u2019s wind turbine, which will charge batteries, alongside diesel generators. In a micro-grid context, Byrne says that a small, robust and highly reliable turbine could be a very good application of the technology. \u201cReliability and capital cost for the annual energy generated are going to be of primary concern,\u201d Bryne says. \u201cIf [Shimizu\u2019s] claims of high reliability and high capacity factor are true, then it could be quite compelling.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Energy infrastructure is often disrupted or destroyed by typhoons, leaving communities without power when they need it most to rebulid (Credit: Getty Images)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"body-text-card b-font-family-serif\">\n<div class=\"body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text\">\n<div>\n<p>Bryne concludes that for any wind turbine, customers should be able to calculate how much energy can expect to be generated every year. Turbine suppliers, she says, should provide a power curve: a graph that shows how large the electrical output would be at different wind speeds. With this information, buyers can calculate if a particular turbine is suited to a site.<\/p>\n<p>Global warming is set to have profound effects on oceans and extreme weather events. The <a href=\"https:\/\/report.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/pdf\/SROCC_FinalDraft_FullReport.pdf\">2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report noted that extreme El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a events are likely to occur more frequently<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For the Philippines, this could result in more intense typhoons at a greater frequency. Already, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ngeo2792\">over the past 37 years, typhoons striking East and Southeast Asia have intensified by 12-15%<\/a>, with the proportion of storms of categories four or five having doubled or even tripled. Shang-Ping Xie, the co-author of this research, notes that it is the most intense typhoons that are becoming even more so. \u201cRising sea levels and intensified cyclones are going to pose a grave danger to coastal communities,\u201d says Xie.<\/p>\n<p>Yu Kosaka, an associate professor of global climate dynamics at the University of Tokyo, says there hasn\u2019t been any change in the overall number of typhoons that approach Japan, but that there has been recent unpredictability in the path they take. \u201cIn the past few years, we saw unusual tracks of typhoons and their landfalls at less-prepared regions,\u201d she says. \u201cTyphoons usually hit western Japan, so these regions are better prepared for them. But in the recent few years more typhoons have been hitting eastern and northern Japan.\u201d There has also been an increase in extremely strong extratropical cyclones (sometimes known as \u201cbomb cyclones\u201d or \u201cexplosive cyclones\u201d) passing near the country.<\/p>\n<p>In this light, building a turbine that can survive the effects of climate change is a daunting prospect. But a turbine that could stand up to these typhoons would become a necessary lifeline. Shimizu\u2019s turbine has weathered its first storms already, and the engineer is hopeful. The question that remains is whether the pace of turbine technology can keep up with the speed at which extreme storms are getting stronger.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200903-the-wind-turbines-standing-up-to-the-worlds-worst-storms\">BBC Future<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Lu-Hai Liang, Future Planet,\u00a03rd September 2020 Mariel Robedizo Engranes was 15 when Typhoon Haiyan hit. She was living in her hometown of Dolores, Eastern Samar, in eastern Philippines. The country regularly experiences typhoons but Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Yolanda, was extraordinary. It arrived on 8 November 2013, and it was one [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10618"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10618"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10624,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10618\/revisions\/10624"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}