{"id":13126,"date":"2022-02-10T03:59:20","date_gmt":"2022-02-10T11:59:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=13126"},"modified":"2022-02-14T04:15:01","modified_gmt":"2022-02-14T12:15:01","slug":"message-of-the-day-human-rights-personal-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=13126","title":{"rendered":"Message of the Day: Human Rights, Personal Growth"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13127\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-300x225.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-150x113.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13128\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-1-300x225.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-1-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-1-150x113.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-1.jpeg 636w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13129\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-2-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-2-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-2-150x100.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-2-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/image-2.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>Inspiration amidst revolution from Sudan&#8217;s Kingdom of Kush<\/em>, \u00a0National Geographic, Feb. 2022<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve often noted, there&#8217;s so much going on in the world, that important stories are missed all the time.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s also an era of less attention focus capacity (or willingness) and more cognitive chaos than perhaps ever.<\/p>\n<p>There are still excellent journalistic outlets and reports, although the deficit in this area with replacement by entertainment over issues continues a pace.<\/p>\n<p>History is a critical aspect of understanding who we are and what is happening at the moment. In this post we visit the history of a civilization unknown to most&#8211;in Sudan&#8211;and the impact in the context today of crimes against humanity, revolution, coups and continued protest for democracy and economic and social justice.<\/p>\n<p>Its a story that&#8217;s told in the current issue of National Geographic Magazine, with riveting text and incredible photography&#8211;some with images going back 3,500 years.<\/p>\n<p>Here it is:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/article\/facing-an-uncertain-future-sudan-is-drawing-strength-from-its-ancient-past-feature\">&#8220;Facing an uncertain future, Sudan is drawing strength from its ancient past&#8221;<\/a>,\u00a0<span class=\"Byline__ByCopy\">BY\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Byline__AuthorRow\"><span class=\"Byline__AuthorContainer\"><span class=\"Byline__Author \">KRISTIN ROMEY,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"Byline__ByCopy\">PHOTOGRAPHS BY\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Byline__AuthorRow\"><span class=\"Byline__AuthorContainer\"><span class=\"Byline__Author \">NICHOLE SOBECKI, February\u00a02022 issue of <i>National Geographic\u00a0<\/i>magazine.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Article__Headline__Desc\"><em>Amid a revolution and subsequent coup, the country\u2019s youth find inspiration in one of Africa\u2019s great civilizations: the little-known kingdom of Kush.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"2d2ca46b-7882-40b9-a795-3b5f00c7e4e4\" class=\"StackModule\">\n<div class=\"ImmersiveLeadWrapper\">\n<div class=\"ImmersiveLead ImmersiveLead--desktop ImmersiveLead--dark\">\n<div class=\"LeadMedia LeadMedia--dark\">\n<div class=\"LeadMedia__Image\">\n<div class=\"LeadMedia__Image--desktop\">\n<div class=\"LeadMedia__ImageWrapper\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"LeadMedia__Image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/52a9383b-b02a-4641-a318-1a45c7ab9256\/MM9297_210801_17381.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"LeadContent LeadContent--dark LeadContent--textLeft LeadContent--textBottom\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ImmersiveLeadWrapper__CaptionContent\">\n<div class=\"ImmersiveLeadWrapper__CaptionContent__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption--hideEndBug\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Ahmed Ibrahim Alkhair (at far left), wrapped in the first flag of independent Sudan, and Awab Osman Aliabdo, with the current flag, take in the view from Jabal Barkal. Sudan\u2019s 2019 revolution ousted its Islamist dictator and stirred hopes for democratic rule. But after a military coup last fall, the nation now teeters between the possibility of peace and the threat of more violence.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"natgeo-template1-frame-1-module-1\" class=\"StackModule\">\n<div class=\"ScrollSpy_container\">\n<div class=\"Article flex ArticleBodyTile\">\n<section class=\"Article__Column Article__Column--main\">\n<article class=\"Article__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-pixel\">\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<header class=\"Article__Header\">\n<div class=\"Article__Header__Meta\">\n<section class=\"Byline flex items-center\">\n<div class=\"Byline__Content\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Byline__Content\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Byline__Content\"><b>On a Monday morning<\/b> in late October of last year, Sudan\u2019s latest revolution was crumbling. It had been just two and a half years since the 30-year Islamist dictatorship of Omar al Bashir fell in April 2019. The nation\u2019s military-civilian Sovereign Council was steering away from the legacy of the accused war criminal and three dark decades of repression, genocide, international sanctions, and the secession of South Sudan.But around noon on October 25, 2021, just weeks ahead of a planned transition to civilian control, the future of the African nation took another turn. The chair of the Sovereign Council, Lt. Gen. Abdel Fattah al Burhan, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/10\/25\/world\/africa\/sudan-military-coup.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dissolved the government<\/a> and put the civilian prime minister under house arrest. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-59855246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The prime minister has since resigned,<\/a> leaving the country without civilian leadership.) The general called it a state of emergency, but the Sudanese people recognized it as a coup and turned out by the hundreds of thousands to protest in the country\u2019s capital, Khartoum, and beyond.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"Share flex flex-no-wrap Article__Header__Share\">\n<section class=\"Article__Content Article__Content--endbug\">\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"1\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/be81a90b-7c0d-43b7-b70e-0a4f266c4318\/MM9247_200128_00360.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=840\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">At the base of Jabal Barkal, a sacred mountain and World Heritage site, workers dig to uncover one of Africa\u2019s great civilizations. Variously known as Kush or Nubia, the kingdom was long depicted as a mere appendage of neighboring Egypt.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"2\"><\/div>\n<p>As befits a 21st-century regime change, it all played out in real time on social media, and I watched raptly from my laptop half a world away. I had been following Sudan since before the coup and the revolution, covering the work of National Geographic Society grantees who were excavating archaeological sites in the country\u2019s north. My first reporting trip was during the final paranoid months of Bashir\u2019s rule, a time marked by food and gas shortages, restricted internet access, and multiplying military checkpoints. Our expedition team had quietly mapped out an escape route to the Egyptian border in case Sudan plunged into chaos.<\/p>\n<p>When the Bashir government toppled in the spring of 2019, the images unspooling across Twitter and Facebook were remarkable: A sea of young men and women gathered in peaceful defiance of the regime, demanding a different world for their generation. <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2019\/04\/09\/africa\/photo-woman-chanting-sudan-uprising-scli-intl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One scene stood out<\/a>, repeated endlessly in a series of cell phone photos and video clips: A young woman dressed in traditional white Sudanese dress stood atop a car, her finger pointing to the dimming sky, chanting with the crowd: \u201cMy grandfather is Taharqa, my grandmother is a <i>kandaka!\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"4\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/17224feb-ce81-42eb-bbc4-79ff77220e6e\/MM9297_210803_18757.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Schoolchildren visit the pyramid tombs of Kushite kings and queens at the ancient capital of Mero\u00eb. Under the dictatorship of Omar al Bashir, Sudan\u2019s school curriculum ignored or suppressed the country\u2019s non-Muslim heritage and its roots in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>I was stunned. This wasn\u2019t a chant supporting a political group or social movement. The protesters were declaring that they were the descendants of the ancient Kushite king Taharqa and the Kushite queens and queen mothers known collectively as kandakas. These royal ancestors led a great empire that reigned from northern Sudan and once stretched from what is now Khartoum to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.<\/p>\n<p>The empire of Kush\u2014known also as Nubia\u2014was indeed once spectacular, but it was now mostly relegated to footnotes in books on ancient Egyptian history. Even within Sudan, few students growing up under the Bashir regime learned much of distant Kush. So why was the legacy of an ancient kingdom, little known even among archaeologists, much less the average Sudanese, suddenly a rallying cry in the streets of Khartoum?<\/p>\n<p>When I returned to Sudan in January 2020 to explore these questions, the postrevolutionary capital felt energized. In Khartoum, where just a year earlier women could be publicly flogged for wearing pants, young Sudanese were dancing at music festivals and packing caf\u00e9s. The city\u2019s thoroughfares and underpasses were emblazoned with portraits of modern martyrs\u2014some of the estimated 250 protesters killed during and since the revolution\u2014as well as murals of ancient Kushite kings and gods.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"6\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/0a1b2e84-4fc7-4207-819f-ddc02c7a5046\/MM9297_200924_06595.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=854\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Fans of Sudanese hip-hop artists attend a music festival in Khartoum after the revolution loosened Islamist restrictions on pop culture and dress, including modern hairstyles now worn by many young people in Sudan.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"7\"><\/div>\n<p>Sudan\u2019s unique location at the intersection of Africa and the Middle East, and at the confluence of three major tributaries of the Nile, made it an ideal locus for powerful ancient kingdoms\u2014as well as a territory coveted by more recent empires. In the modern era it fell under Ottoman-Egyptian rule followed by British-Egyptian domination until 1956, when the Republic of the Sudan gained its independence. Today its diverse citizenry includes more than 500 ethnic groups speaking over 400 languages and skews incredibly young: Roughly 40 percent of the population is under 15.<\/p>\n<p>Sudan is Africa\u2019s third largest country; it\u2019s also the world\u2019s third largest Arab nation. (Its name comes from the Arabic <i>bil\u0101d al-s\u016bd\u0101n,<\/i> or \u201cland of the Black peoples.\u201d) Since Sudan achieved independence, it has been ruled by an Arabic-speaking political elite.<\/p>\n<p>Before the 2019 revolution, an Islamist government and membership in the Arab League made it advantageous for Bashir\u2019s regime to present Kush not as a uniquely African phenomenon but as a legacy of its powerful modern ally, Egypt, and, by extension, a chapter in the history book of the Near East. Kushite sites such as Jabal Barkal and El Kurru were marketed as quick, exotic trips for Western tourists visiting the ruins of Abu Simbel, just over the border in Egypt.<\/p>\n<p><b>Once the spiritual\u00a0<\/b>center of the Kushite kingdom, Jabal Barkal is an enormous 30-story sandstone mesa that erupts from the Sahara and looms over the west bank of the Nile near Karima, about 200 miles north of Khartoum. Some 2,700 years ago, King Taharqa inscribed his name atop this sacred mountain, covering it in gold as a glittering, triumphant rejoinder against his enemies. Today only traces of Taharqa\u2019s inscription are visible to climbers. At the base of the mountain are the ruins of the Great Temple of Amun, originally built by Egyptians who colonized Kush in the 16th century B.C. Over the five centuries that Egypt controlled Kush, the Amun temple was rebuilt and refurbished by a who\u2019s who of New Kingdom pharaohs: Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramses the Great. Assimilation was the order of the day, and during that time Kushite elites trained in Egyptian schools and temples.<\/p>\n<p>The remains of the Amun temple that visitors see today, however, come from a time after the collapse of the New Kingdom and the retreat of Egyptian power in Kush. By the eighth century B.C., Jabal Barkal had become the center of Napata, the Kushite capital from which a series of local rulers consolidated power and turned the tables on their former colonizers.<\/p>\n<p>Piye, father of Taharqa, ascended the Kushite throne in 750 B.C. He gathered his troops and marched north into a weakened Egypt, seizing temples and conquering towns until he commanded all of Upper and Lower Egypt. With a territory that stretched from what is now Khartoum to the Mediterranean, Kush was for a short time the largest empire to control the region. For a little more than a century, its kings Piye, Shabaka, Shabataka, Taharqa, and Tantamani became Egypt\u2019s 25th dynasty, often referred to as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/dive-ancient-pyramid-nuri-sudan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Black pharaohs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Following his victory over Egypt, Piye returned to Jabal Barkal to expand the Amun temple to a scale never seen before, decorating it with scenes of the Kushite conquest of its former colonizers. Today the story of that conquest\u2014replete with depictions of Kushite charioteers running down Egyptian troops\u2014lies buried some 15 feet under the sand. What few scenes survived the millennia were excavated and documented by archaeologists in the 1980s. Deemed too fragile for regular exposure to the elements, they were mostly reburied\u2014a fitting metaphor for an important ancient kingdom that has long been cloaked in obscurity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"InlineGallery InlineGallery--dark\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop\" data-bumper-index=\"10\">\n<div class=\"Gallery\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__Header\">\n<h2 class=\"Gallery__Header--text\">Unearthing the Kushite world<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Container relative\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Swipeable\">\n<div id=\"sudan-artifact-gallery\" class=\"fitt-swipeable-container\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/f8f9dddd-4546-40ee-8088-a91627196958\/MM9247_200202_05503.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"The pyramids of Kush command much attention, but archaeologists rely on smaller discoveries\u2014from figurines to ostrich-shell beads\u2014to reveal the history and legacy of this long-overlooked African kingdom. Shabtis (above)\u2014statuettes crafted to perform menial tasks in the afterlife\u2014were discovered in the burial of Kushite king Nastasen and date to about 315 B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"InlineGallery InlineGallery--dark\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop\" data-bumper-index=\"10\">\n<div class=\"Gallery\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__Container relative\">\n<div class=\"InlineGallery__Bar\"><span class=\"InlineGallery__Counter\">1 \/ 23<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"sr-only\">The pyramids of Kush command much attention, but archaeologists rely on smaller discoveries\u2014from figurines to ostrich-shell beads\u2014to reveal the history and legacy of this long-overlooked African kingdom. Shabtis (above)\u2014statuettes crafted to perform menial tasks in the afterlife\u2014were discovered in the burial of Kushite king Nastasen and date to about 315 B.C.<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption Caption--dark\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">The pyramids of Kush command much attention, but archaeologists rely on smaller discoveries\u2014from figurines to ostrich-shell beads\u2014to reveal the history and legacy of this long-overlooked African kingdom. Shabtis (above)\u2014statuettes crafted to perform menial tasks in the afterlife\u2014were discovered in the burial of Kushite king Nastasen and date to about 315 B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"11\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/745a89c8-68a5-4a37-8891-1f82d7c606c1\/MM9247_200202_05661.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Christian inscription in Greek, 10th-13th centuries A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Christian inscription in Greek, 10th-13th centuries A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/0e47d67f-3cab-4210-aa3e-c148caba581b\/MM9247_200202_05396.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Beads from Kushite burial, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Beads from Kushite burial, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/dbf73aa6-6f37-4eae-8b05-39fbb7443b38\/MM9297_210805_19205.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Necklace, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Necklace, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/0975b8fa-cb69-4d7a-9461-ace8a3016ec8\/MM9247_200202_05415.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Storage jar, 7th century B.C.-4th century A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"sr-only\">Storage jar, 7th century B.C.-4th century A.D.<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption Caption--dark\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Storage jar, 7th century B.C.-4th century A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/fe06da23-b9f8-4da6-8fdf-91212a54b513\/MM9297_210805_19368.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Inscribed ceramic jar, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Inscribed ceramic jar, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/2de122df-3c10-40ae-b5b6-1b9a34241d47\/MM9247_200202_05731.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Iron arrowheads, 7th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Iron arrowheads, 7th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/ca7a9b01-158b-4dc7-8f9e-bd38dc5b16f6\/MM9247_200202_05284.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Bronze alloy falcon from tomb of King Nastasen, ca 315 B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Bronze alloy falcon from tomb of King Nastasen, ca 315 B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/11c23641-b8a9-4ade-adf6-b75125ce078e\/MM9247_200202_05840.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Skull from Kushite burial, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Skull from Kushite burial, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/66324305-a39a-42ab-8534-50308cd44b7a\/MM9247_200202_05782.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Amputated leg bones of adult male, 7th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Amputated leg bones of adult male, 7th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/c8ab96a9-0408-4be6-80ae-66f69a2f57b3\/MM9247_200202_05307.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Ostrich-shell beads, 2nd-7th centuries A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Ostrich-shell beads, 2nd-7th centuries A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/80cd7105-08c4-45fa-887f-51166be756ce\/MM9297_210805_19249.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Prehistoric stone hand axes, 9000-3000 B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"sr-only\">Prehistoric stone hand axes, 9000-3000 B.C.<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption Caption--dark\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Prehistoric stone hand axes, 9000-3000 B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/e5802992-4dd8-4f8e-815d-5af1cbbfd193\/MM9247_200202_05218.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Decorated drinking cup, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Decorated drinking cup, 4th century B.C.-4th century A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/69b1ce47-274d-472a-9f83-1cb388186d39\/MM9297_210805_19303.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Ceramic plate, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Ceramic plate, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/57369017-1ec4-4a43-b99e-546a452c2535\/MM9297_200924_04810.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Quartzite statue of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep II, 15th century B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Quartzite statue of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep II, 15th century B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/492e00cc-83d7-4a5f-a3f1-5b8d0f43849e\/MM9247_200202_05759.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Burial finds, including beads and animal teeth, 7th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"sr-only\">Burial finds, including beads and animal teeth, 7th-4th centuries B.C.<\/div>\n<div class=\"sr-only\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/7749b078-e55a-42ed-8e59-453756ea238b\/MM9297_210805_19214.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Archers\u2019 thumb rings, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Archers\u2019 thumb rings, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/1abb3cff-b979-4c60-b72a-a73341b63e42\/MM9297_210805_19218.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Arrowhead, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"sr-only\">Arrowhead, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption Caption--dark\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Arrowhead, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/01bc4a2c-a456-4fb1-995e-d035570d967d\/MM9247_200202_05454.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Fine redware bowl, ca 1st-4th centuries A.D.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Fine redware bowl, ca 1st-4th centuries A.D.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/5745cba7-90e9-4498-bc9a-30c0f8463e29\/MM9297_210805_19395.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Ceramic jar, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Ceramic jar, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/22e368ad-45c9-44a2-b2d5-97c9e0a841b0\/MM9247_200202_05195.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Gold leaf from tomb of King Nastasen, ca 315 B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Gold leaf from tomb of King Nastasen, ca 315 B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/d77e43cb-de97-40cf-854f-986d9d016a58\/MM9297_210805_19219.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Spindles for manufacturing textiles, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Spindles for manufacturing textiles, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"Gallery__Ratio aspect-ratio--parent aspect-ratio--3x2\">\n<div class=\"Gallery__ImageWrapper absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center aspect-ratio--child\">\n<div class=\"fitt-tracker\" data-track-event_name=\"gallery_action\" data-track-action_type=\"enlarge\" data-track-custom=\"yes\">\n<div class=\"absolute-fill flex items-center justify-center CopyrightImage\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image Gallery__Image Gallery__Image--auto\" draggable=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/e9ba4555-ee36-4453-b5e4-0caa68209d92\/MM9297_210805_19355.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=914\" alt=\"Ceramic bowl, 6th-4th centuries B.C.\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Ceramic bowl, 6th-4th centuries B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\">PHOTOGRAPH BY NICHOLE SOBECKI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InlineGallery__Bar\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Why have so few people heard of Kush? For starters, the earliest historical accounts of the Kushites come from the Egyptians, who tried to erase the humiliating conquest from their annals and presented Kush as just one of many troublesome groups that disrupted their borders.<\/p>\n<p>That narrative was left unquestioned by the first European archaeologists to arrive in Sudan in the 19th century. Poking around crumbling Kushite temples and pyramids, they declared the grand ruins to be mere imitations of Egyptian monuments.<\/p>\n<p>That view of the African kingdom was reinforced by the racism of most Western scholars. \u201cThe native negroid race had never developed either its trade or any industry worthy of mention, and owed their cultural position to the Egyptian immigrants and to the imported Egyptian civilization,\u201d remarked George Reisner, a Harvard University archaeologist who undertook the earliest scientific excavations of the royal tombs and temples of Kush in the early 20th century.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"12\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/370b0dbd-5003-43f0-b8fc-7d659bf2cacc\/MM9297_210729_15858.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Young visitors stand before a statue of King Taharqa in the main hall of the Sudan National Museum. The Kushite king, who was also a pharaoh in Egypt\u2019s 25th dynasty, ruled an empire that stretched to the Mediterranean Sea. He is mentioned in the Bible for his defense of Jerusalem against Assyrian forces in 701 B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"13\">\n<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\">\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop ImageGroup__Wrapper\" data-bumper-index=\"14\">\n<div class=\"ImageGroup__Images\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"sudan-portrait-pair-2_0\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/550e03f5-815a-471c-9a43-fe0e2fad8402\/MM9297_200924_06052.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"sudan-portrait-pair-2_1\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/d1f85195-a10c-4221-9da3-42da2e438186\/MM9297_210729_16064.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption--hideEndBug\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Top<\/strong>: Alla Mohammed, 13, ponders a granite statue of a baboon in the main hall of the Sudan National Museum in Khartoum. The museum houses the world\u2019s largest collection of Kushite artifacts.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Right<\/strong>: Mustafa \u201cSilver\u201d Haydar visits the temple of Hatshepsut of Buhen on the grounds of the Sudan National Museum. The temple was one of several rebuilt in Khartoum after construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt in the 1960s created a reservoir that extended into Sudan\u2019s territory, threatening to submerge ancient temples.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>To Sudanese archaeologist Sami Elamin, Reisner was as sloppy in method as he was misguided in interpretation. In 2014, Elamin and a team of archaeologists sifted a large mound of excavated dirt from Reisner\u2019s dig site at the base of Jabal Barkal. \u201cWe found a lot of objects,\u201d Elamin says. \u201cWe even found small statues of gods.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Elamin grew up in a village a few miles from the nearby site of El Kurru, where Piye and other Kushite kings and kandakas were buried. When Elamin was a young boy, his grandfather would take him to El Kurru and explain that the ruins were \u201cthe tombs of our grandfathers.\u201d The sight inspired Elamin to study archaeology in Khartoum and earn a graduate degree in Europe. He returned to Sudan and has been excavating at Jabal Barkal and elsewhere for several years.<\/p>\n<p>Now Elamin and a team of Sudanese and American archaeologists are searching for the homes and workshops of ancient Kushites who supported this spiritual capital for millennia. Jabal Barkal has long been a popular destination for Sudanese who come during holidays to climb the mesa and picnic in the broad swaths of shade it casts across the desert. In the past, Elamin says, visitors paid little attention to the sprawl of ruins surrounding the magnificent rock outcropping. But that\u2019s changing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"15\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/b40e64ba-b8f5-477e-a313-1529135ba28a\/MM9247_200207_10745.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=853\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Adherents of Sufism, a mystical dimension of Islam, perform the dhikr, a ritual that can involve drumming and dance, at the tomb of Sheikh Hamed al Nil, in Omdurman. Sudan is home to one of the world\u2019s largest Sufi communities. Its leaders wield powerful influence, and some Sufi orders supported the popular uprising that toppled Bashir.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"16\">\n<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\">\n<p>Elamin notes that he\u2019s seen more locals visiting Jabal Barkal and wandering its ruins. \u201cNow they ask a lot of questions about the antiquities and the history and the civilization,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>Elamin and his colleagues are eager to engage with their fellow citizens and present this distant chapter of history to a generation hungry to learn. It\u2019s an opportunity and responsibility as Sudanese archaeologists, he says, to bring citizens together by showing them the efforts of even distant generations.<\/p>\n<p><b>Built shortly<\/b> before the country gained independence in 1956 and inaugurated 15 years later, the Sudan National Museum is a cavernous, poorly lit space with no climate control to protect artifacts from the relentless heat and dust of Khartoum. Most of the objects are housed in old-fashioned wood-and-glass display cases alongside yellowing, typewritten labels.<\/p>\n<p>But the museum is chock-full of treasures. A larger-than-life granite statue of Taharqa from Jabal Barkal, broad-shouldered and expressionless, commands the museum\u2019s entrance, and massive statues of the Kushite rulers flank its ground-floor gallery.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"17\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/15404339-c2a7-46ff-9d22-cd1542934a42\/MM9247_200204_08756.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=840\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">The south flank of Jabal Barkal looms above an Islamic cemetery. Arab Muslim elites have long monopolized power in Sudan, but marginalized groups hope that a new generation of Sudanese will forge a more inclusive future.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>Tucked around the corner from Taharqa is one of the country\u2019s most heralded artifacts: a glowering bronze head of Caesar Augustus. It\u2019s believed to have been the war trophy of a one-eyed Kushite queen named Amanirenas, who battled the Romans in Egypt around 25 B.C. The museum label neglects to note, however, that the storied artifact is a copy. The original was whisked off by colonial forces shortly after its discovery in 1910 and now resides in the British Museum.<\/p>\n<p>Outside the museum I meet Nazar Jahin, a tour guide and member of Artina (\u201cOur Art\u201d), a student group organized during the 2019 protests to support Sudan\u2019s struggling cultural institutions. \u201cThe last government, really, they don\u2019t care about history,\u201d Jahin tells me. Much of that disinterest was the result of the former government\u2019s hard-line interpretation of Islam. \u201cWe had a minister of tourism who said that statues were forbidden,\u201d Jahin recalls, shaking his head.<\/p>\n<p>But there are bright spots on the horizon, he says. The Italian Embassy and UNESCO pledged funds in 2018 to refurbish the museum (a project now delayed by the pandemic), and since the revolution more Sudanese are visiting the museum and sites like Jabal Barkal and the ancient capital of Mero\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is most important,\u201d Jahin says. \u201cSudanese have to know their history first. If they know their history, they can protect it.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop ImageGroup__Wrapper\" data-bumper-index=\"19\">\n<div class=\"ImageGroup__Images\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"sudan-image-pair-pink_0\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/3b809087-61c2-4133-8540-e1f9a3f479d4\/MM9247_200201_04731.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=840\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"sudan-image-pair-pink_1\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/83dd2cc0-ed93-41d4-9123-d58b581c475d\/MM9297_200927_08392.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=840\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption--hideEndBug\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Left<\/strong>: A Sudanese family from Karima tours the nearby tombs of El Kurru, where some of the earliest Kushite leaders were buried in the eighth century B.C.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Right<\/strong>: Boxing trainer Aya Khalid playfully spars with her seven-year-old daughter, Taliya Hashim, at their home in Khartoum. Sudanese women played a pivotal role in the 2019 revolution, but many fear their presence will be minimized in future governments, whether civilian or military.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"20\">\n<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\">\n<p>Then I pose a delicate question: How do ethnic groups living in areas of Sudan that never were part of the Kushite Empire\u2014tribes from the Nuba mountains or Darfur, for example\u2014react when asked to rally around an ancient history they don\u2019t feel is theirs? Bashir\u2019s regime was notorious for exploiting ethnic and religious differences to prevent the richly diverse country from uniting against the Arabized political elite in Khartoum. Jahin furrows his brow and pauses. \u201cThis is a good point. We need a lot of work, really.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Like many young Sudanese, Jahin rejects the idea that \u201cArab\u201d is a Sudanese identity. \u201cIf someone says, \u2018My roots come from Saudi Arabia,\u2019 or something like that, I don\u2019t believe it,\u201d he says firmly. \u201cI believe that our roots are the same or close together \u2026 In general, we are Sudanese. That\u2019s enough.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>The image of the revolutionary<\/b> kandaka, white-robed among the protesters, raising her finger in the sky as she invokes Kushite kings and queens, has been memorialized in street art across Khartoum and around the globe. But when I meet Alaa Salah during my second trip to Sudan in early 2020, she\u2019s unrecognizable in a burgundy headscarf and dark clothes, sitting across from me at a crowded open-air caf\u00e9 on the bank of the Blue Nile in the fading evening light.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"21\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/bb77da38-f26d-4cb1-9fd8-9cb33fc3a62e\/MM9297_210803_18844.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Sudanese schoolgirls shield their faces from strong winds gusting across the Mero\u00eb pyramids. The students\u2019 visit was organized by a youth volunteer group that aims to enhance learning opportunities for communities, including trips to local archaeological sites that few Sudanese may have visited before the 2019 revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"22\">\n<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\">\n<p>At 23, Salah became a face of the Sudanese revolution, a role that would propel her from engineering student to international figure invited to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenpeacesecurity.org\/peacebuilder\/alaa-salah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">speak before the UN Security Council<\/a> on the role of women in the new Sudan. Through an interpreter, Salah tells me that growing up she was taught little in school about the history of ancient Kush and that she had to discover it on her own. It was only a few years earlier that she traveled to see the fabled pyramids at Mero\u00eb. She was astonished by what she saw: \u201cWe have a lot of pyramids, even more than Egypt!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>When the protesters on the streets of Khartoum began the chant \u201cMy grandfather is Taharqa, my grandmother is a kandaka,\u201d Salah explains, they were expressing their pride in the defiance and bravery of the ancient kings and queens. It made them feel as if they too belonged to this ancient civilization of strong and courageous leaders, particularly for the women who played a pivotal role in the protests. \u201cWhenever people see a young woman in the street fighting for Sudan, going into the streets for Sudan, that means she\u2019s brave, she\u2019s very defiant,\u201d she explains. \u201cShe\u2019s strong and a warrior, just like the kandakas.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"23\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/f16d61b8-9df9-49c6-bfc2-a7d817e77307\/MM9297_210803_18809.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">Students seek shelter among royal tombs in Mero\u00eb during a haboob, or sandstorm. The last Kushite capital was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2011 but saw few visitors before the fall of the Bashir government in 2019. Now, the pandemic and new political uncertainties threaten the promise of future tourism in Sudan.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"24\"><\/div>\n<p>In the nearly three years since the fall of Bashir, however, <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5712952\/alaa-salah-sudan-women-protest\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the role of women has been increasingly shunted aside<\/a>. That was Salah\u2019s main concern as we spoke, to ensure that Sudan\u2019s modern kandakas are safe and would have proper representation in any transitional government. Since our interview, the coup\u2014which, with the threat of a return to a repressive regime, feels more like a counterrevolution\u2014has made the situation for Sudanese women even more perilous.<\/p>\n<p><b>On my last Friday<\/b> in Khartoum, I cross the White Nile to the city of Omdurman, where the tomb of 19th-century Sufi sheikh Hamed al Nil lies in a cemetery bounded by busy streets. Some 70 percent of Sudanese consider themselves followers of Sufism, a mystical expression of Islam. The country\u2019s Sufi orders often play an influential role in internal politics, and the Sufis who marched from Omdurman to army headquarters to join the 2019 protests helped oust the regime.<\/p>\n<p>Each Friday at sundown, hundreds of followers of the Qadiriyya order gather at the cemetery to perform the dhikr, a ritual that often involves chanting and dance. As men in green and red robes slowly slap their tambours in rhythm, the crowd looks on and sways. The drumming picks up pace, and the dancing and chanting begin. <i>La ilaha illa Allah.<\/i> \u201cThere is no God but God,\u201d the crowd repeats, as clouds of frankincense and dust rise in the air. The dhikr ends with a kinetic, exultant release, and people disperse, some following the call to prayer to the mosque, others wending their way through the cemetery.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--below-paragraph InlineElement--browser-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" data-bumper-index=\"25\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/d11ce4ac-39fd-45c2-8106-9a13c24414b4\/MM9297_210801_17175.jpg?w=1260&amp;h=945\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\"><span class=\"Truncate\"><span class=\"RichText\">From the peak of Jabal Barkal, young Sudanese survey the capital of Kushite ancestors as they chart an uncertain future. Can Sudan\u2019s ancient history become a unifying force in a land often divided along racial and ethnic lines? Change is in the air, but no one knows if it is real and enduring.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"26\"><\/div>\n<p>Several graves are fresh and decorated in the colors of the Sudanese flag. These belong to some of the protesters killed during the revolution, students who announced in the streets that they too were kings and kandakas, inheritors of the complex legacy of a land where some of the earliest empires intersected.<\/p>\n<p>Watching students pay their respects at one of the graves, I was struck by how fragile the new Sudan felt, like a precious ancient vessel being carefully excavated from the earth. Now the coup has injected even more uncertainty into a nation and generation hungry for democracy and stability.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the grand palaces and temples of Kush disappeared long ago, looted for parts and swallowed by sand. But many monuments to the dead remain: the pyramids of kings and kandakas standing sentinel in the desert, the tombs of sheikhs, and the tombstones of student protesters crowding urban cemeteries. These monuments persist as regimes collapse and rebuild, telling anyone willing to listen: We fought for this. We were once here too.<\/p>\n<div class=\"RichText EditorsNote\">\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kristinromey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b>Kristin Romey<\/b><\/a> is the senior archaeology editor\/writer for National Geographic.\u00a0Photographer <b>Nichole Sobecki<\/b> covered\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/how-trafficked-cheetah-cubs-move-from-the-wild-and-into-your-instagram-feed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cheetah trafficking<\/a> for the September 2021 issue.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The National Geographic Society is committed to illuminating and protecting the wonder of our world.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn more<\/a> about the Society\u2019s support of its Explorers.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inspiration amidst revolution from Sudan&#8217;s Kingdom of Kush, \u00a0National Geographic, Feb. 2022 &nbsp; As we&#8217;ve often noted, there&#8217;s so much going on in the world, that important stories are missed all the time. It&#8217;s also an era of less attention focus capacity (or willingness) and more cognitive chaos than perhaps ever. There are still excellent [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13126"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13126"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13136,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13126\/revisions\/13136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}