{"id":14359,"date":"2023-01-30T05:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T13:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=14359"},"modified":"2023-02-02T05:30:33","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T13:30:33","slug":"issue-of-the-week-population-environment-war-hunger-disease-human-rights-personal-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=14359","title":{"rendered":"Issue of the Week: Population, Environment, War, Hunger, Disease, Human Rights, Personal Growth"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-14352\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-226x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-113x150.png 113w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-768x1018.png 768w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-773x1024.png 773w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-14349\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-8-240x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-8-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-8-120x150.png 120w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-8.png 592w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-14350\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-9-251x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-9-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-9-126x150.png 126w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-9.png 655w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>Notes from the\u00a0<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><i>Apocalypse<\/i>, The\u00a0Atlantic Magazine,\u00a0<em>Apocalypse Nowish<\/em>, Harper&#8217;s Magazine<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As we come to the end of the first month of 2023, we are posting the cover story from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2023\/01\/anthropocene-anti-humanism-transhumanism-apocalypse-predictions\/672230\/\">January\/February edition of The Atlantic Magazine<\/a>, bookended by the cover story from last month of 2022 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/harpers.org\/archive\/2022\/12\/apocalypse-nowish\/\">December edition of Harper&#8217;s Magazine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The subject is the\u00a0Apocalypse.<\/p>\n<p>In a general sense, collectively they present three perspectives:<\/p>\n<p>Fight against the odds to create a better future for humanity and all life.<\/p>\n<p>Wish for the end of humanity entirely, which by definition would erase any record of it ever existing, as soon as possible, for the sake of the rest of creation on earth and in the universe.<\/p>\n<p>Work for the end of humanity in human physical form and create the continuity of it&#8217;s knowledge and best aspects through in effect creation of the transfer of these characteristics to AI which would theoretically exponentially amplify the positive and save and enhance the rest of creation on earth and in the universe.<\/p>\n<p>The end of 2022 and start of 2023, brought to you by two of the finest magazines in existance with storied histories. Both focussed on the end of humanity and\/or all life. Any day now.<\/p>\n<p>We don&#8217;t agree with a number of things presented in these articles. However, we agree with much of the fundamental analysis of why Apocalypse appears imminent.<\/p>\n<p>And of course we come down on the side of fighting to make all life, including human, survive and thrive.<\/p>\n<p>We were tempted to do a somewhat massive annotation because we agree and disagree with so much of what is written in these articles.<\/p>\n<p>However, our positions are clear from years of work and postings.<\/p>\n<p>And the value of experiencing these articles by themselves is enormous.<\/p>\n<p>So, here they are:<\/p>\n<p>THE PEOPLE CHEERING FOR HUMANITY\u2019S END<\/p>\n<header class=\"ArticleHero_root__SkDn3\">\n<div class=\"ArticleHero_twoColumnLockupWrapper__kRvPn\">\n<div class=\"ArticleHero_twoColArticleLockup__HVyOV\">\n<div class=\"ArticleHero_dek__tzvz3\">\n<p class=\"ArticleDek_root__R8OvU ArticleDek_twoCol__wvFaq\"><em>A disparate group of thinkers says we should welcome our demise.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleDek_root__R8OvU ArticleDek_twoCol__wvFaq\">By Adam Kirsch, The Atlantic Magazine, January\/February 2023<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ArticleLeadArt_root__3PEn8 ArticleLeadArt_twoCol__C5HFK\">\n<figure class=\"ArticleLeadFigure_root__P_6yW\">\n<div class=\"ArticleLeadFigure_media__LOlhI\"><picture><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image_root__d3aBr ArticleLeadArt_image__R4iW6\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/KQWwhdur8hgVYf4ZfYUVF2Qggdw=\/30x1:2009x2475\/648x810\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1440px) 656px, (min-width:1024px) calc(50vw - 64px), (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 48px), (min-width: 375px) calc(100vw - 103px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 64px), calc(100vw - 48px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/h33VwzibcEfx3LMqc5fhmzrsfkI=\/30x1:2009x2475\/296x370\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 296w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/dfUwD9aYl2fCcTS_fy5X8_1bggY=\/30x1:2009x2475\/311x389\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 311w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/un44H7UjQcmJf7XriPcgM76TF9w=\/30x1:2009x2475\/592x740\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 592w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/Bgui6ABXiQZEsFIUAlKNlcnTQEs=\/30x1:2009x2475\/622x778\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 622w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/NDTlaIOVC058B_-G-pHVK3-BI7U=\/30x1:2009x2475\/665x831\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 665w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/uNkxLFs1AVoa-y9HjkWVM8umIuc=\/30x1:2009x2475\/960x1200\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 960w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/YKUAxuFJOvpdR3YWAdvbgMOqlYA=\/30x1:2009x2475\/1330x1663\/media\/img\/2022\/11\/29\/WEL_Kirsch_1_vertical_Opener\/original.jpg 1330w\" alt=\"painting of translucent human figure walking through field of flowers with bright blue sky and trees in background\" width=\"648\" height=\"810\" \/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"ArticleLeadFigure_caption__qhLOF ArticleLeadFigure_twoColCaption__3pTjo\">Painting by Reynier Llanes. &#8220;The Poet,&#8221; 2021 (oil on canvas, 47 x 36 inches).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<section class=\"ArticleBody_root__nZ4AR\">\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI ArticleParagraph_dropcap__Xra23\"><span class=\"smallcaps\">\u201cMan is an<\/span> invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing its end.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">With this declaration in <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780679753353\"><i>The Order of Things<\/i> <\/a>(1966), the French philosopher Michel Foucault heralded a new way of thinking that would transform the humanities and social sciences. Foucault\u2019s central idea was that the ways we understand ourselves as human beings aren\u2019t timeless or natural, no matter how much we take them for granted. Rather, the modern concept of \u201cman\u201d was invented in the 18th century, with the emergence of new modes of thinking about biology, society, and language, and eventually it will be replaced in turn.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">As Foucault writes in the book\u2019s famous last sentence, one day \u201cman would be erased, like a face drawn in the sand at the edge of the sea.\u201d The image is eerie, but he claimed to find it \u201ca source of profound relief,\u201d because it implies that human ideas and institutions aren\u2019t fixed. They can be endlessly reconfigured, maybe even for the better. This was the liberating promise of postmodernism: The face in the sand is swept away, but someone will always come along to draw a new picture in a different style.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">But the image of humanity can be redrawn only if there are human beings to do it. Even the most radical 20th-century thinkers stop short at the prospect of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2016\/04\/a-human-extinction-isnt-that-unlikely\/480444\/\">actual extinction of <i>Homo sapiens<\/i><\/a>, which would mean the end of all our projects, values, and meanings. Humanity may be destined to disappear someday, but almost everyone would agree that the day should be postponed as long as possible, just as most individuals generally try to delay the inevitable end of their own life.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">In recent years, however, a disparate group of thinkers has begun to challenge this core assumption. From Silicon Valley boardrooms to rural communes to academic philosophy departments, a seemingly inconceivable idea is being seriously discussed: that the end of humanity\u2019s reign on Earth is imminent, and that we should welcome it. The revolt against humanity is still new enough to appear outlandish, but it has already spread beyond the fringes of the intellectual world, and in the coming years and decades it has the potential to transform politics and society in profound ways.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">This view finds support among very different kinds of people: engineers and philosophers, political activists and would-be hermits, novelists and paleontologists. Not only do they not see themselves as a single movement, but in many cases they want nothing to do with one another. Indeed, the turn against human primacy is being driven by two ways of thinking that appear to be opposites.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The first is Anthropocene anti-humanism, inspired by revulsion at humanity\u2019s destruction of the natural environment. The notion that we are out of tune with nature isn\u2019t new; it has been a staple of social critique since the Industrial Revolution. More than half a century ago, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/rachel-l-carson\/\">Rachel Carson\u2019s<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780618249060\"><i>Silent Spring<\/i><\/a>, an expos\u00e9 on the dangers of DDT, helped inspire modern environmentalism with its warning about following \u201cthe impetuous and heedless pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.\u201d But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2016\/12\/how-the-environmental-movement-can-recover-its-soul\/509831\/\">environmentalism is a meliorist movement<\/a>, aimed at ensuring the long-term well-being of humanity, along with other forms of life. Carson didn\u2019t challenge the right of humans to use pesticides; she simply argued that \u201cthe methods employed must be such that they do not destroy us along with the insects.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside class=\"ArticlePullquote_root__YtnHv\">The anti-humanist future and the transhumanist future are opposites in most ways. But both are worlds from which human beings have disappeared, and rightfully so.<\/aside>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">In the 21st century, Anthropocene anti-humanism offers a much more radical response to a much deeper ecological crisis. It says that our self-destruction is now inevitable, and that we should welcome it as a sentence we have justly passed on ourselves. Some anti-humanist thinkers look forward to the extinction of our species, while others predict that even if some people survive the coming environmental apocalypse, civilization as a whole is doomed. Like all truly radical movements, Anthropocene anti-humanism begins not with a political program but with a philosophical idea. It is a rejection of humanity\u2019s traditional role as Earth\u2019s protagonist, the most important being in creation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Transhumanism, by contrast, glorifies some of the very things that anti-humanism decries\u2014scientific and technological progress, the supremacy of reason. But it believes that the only way forward for humanity is to create new forms of intelligent life that will no longer be <i>Homo sapiens<\/i>. Some transhumanists believe that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2022\/09\/crispr-cas9-gene-editing-biotechnology\/671382\/\">genetic engineering<\/a>and nanotechnology will allow us to alter our brains and bodies so profoundly that we will escape human limitations such as mortality and confinement to a physical body. Others await, with hope or trepidation, the invention of artificial intelligence infinitely superior to our own. These beings will demote humanity to the rank we assign to animals\u2014unless they decide that their goals are better served by wiping us out completely.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The anti-humanist future and the transhumanist future are opposites in most ways, except the most fundamental: They are worlds from which we have disappeared, and rightfully so. In thinking about these visions of a humanless world, it is difficult to evaluate the likelihood of them coming true. Some predictions and exhortations are so extreme that it is tempting not to take them seriously, if only as a defense mechanism.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">But the revolt against humanity is a real and significant phenomenon, even if it is \u201cjust\u201d an idea and its predictions of a future without us never come true. After all, unfulfilled prophecies have been responsible for some of the most important movements in history, from Christianity to Communism. The revolt against humanity isn\u2019t yet a movement on that scale, and might never be, but it belongs in the same category. It is a spiritual development of the first order, a new way of making sense of the nature and purpose of human existence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI ArticleParagraph_dropcap__Xra23\"><span class=\"smallcaps\">in the 2006 film <\/span><i>Children of Men<\/i>, the director, Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n, takes only a few moments to establish a world without a future. The movie opens in 2027 in a London caf\u00e9, where a TV news report announces that the youngest person on Earth has been killed in Buenos Aires; he was 18 years old. In 2009, human beings mysteriously lost the ability to bear children, and the film depicts a society breaking down in the face of impending extinction. Moments after the news report, the caf\u00e9 is blown up by a terrorist bomb.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The extinction scenario in the film, loosely based on a novel by the English mystery writer P. D. James, remains in the realm of science fiction\u2014for now. But in October 2019, London actually did erupt in civil disorder when activists associated with the group Extinction Rebellion, or XR, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/oct\/17\/extinction-rebellion-activists-london-underground\">blocked commuter trains<\/a> at rush hour. At one Underground station, a protester was dragged from the roof of a train and beaten by a mob. In the following months, XR members staged smaller disruptions at the International Criminal Court in The Hague, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/07\/nyregion\/extinction-rebellion-nyc-protest.html\">on New York\u2019s Wall Street<\/a>, and at the South Australian State Parliament.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The group is nonviolent in principle, but it embraces aggressive tactics such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/apr\/27\/extinction-rebellion-activists-stage-die-in-protests-across-globe\">mock \u201cdie-ins\u201d<\/a> and mass arrests to shock the public into recognizing that the end of the human species isn\u2019t just the stuff of movie nightmares. It is an imminent threat arising from anthropogenic climate change, which could render large parts of the globe uninhabitable. Roger Hallam, one of the founders of XR, uses terms such as <i>extinction<\/i>and <i>genocide<\/i> to describe the catastrophe he foresees, language that is far from unusual in today\u2019s environmental discourse. The journalist David Wallace-Wells rendered the same verdict in <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780525576716\"><i>The Uninhabitable Earth<\/i><\/a> (2019), marshaling evidence for the argument that climate change \u201cis not just the biggest threat human life on the planet has ever faced but a threat of an entirely different category and scale.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Since the late 1940s, humanity has lived with the knowledge that it has the power to annihilate itself at any moment through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2022\/11\/poland-missile-strike-russia-nuclear-war\/672175\/\">nuclear war<\/a>. Indeed, the climate anxiety of our own time can be seen as a return of apocalyptic fears that went briefly into abeyance after the end of the Cold War.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Destruction by despoliation is more radically unsettling. It means that humanity is endangered not only by our acknowledged vices, such as hatred and violence, but also by pursuing aims that we ordinarily consider good and natural: prosperity, comfort, increase of our kind. The Bible gives the negative commandment \u201cThou shalt not kill\u201d as well as the positive commandment \u201cBe fruitful and multiply,\u201d and traditionally they have gone together. But if being fruitful and multiplying starts to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2020\/01\/becoming-parent-age-climate-crisis\/604372\/\">seen as itself a form of killing<\/a>, because it deprives future generations and other species of irreplaceable resources, then the flourishing of humanity can no longer be seen as simply good. Instead, it becomes part of a zero-sum competition that pits the gratification of human desires against the well-being of all of nature\u2014not just animals and plants, but soil, stones, and water.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">If that\u2019s the case, then humanity can no longer be considered a part of creation or nature, as science and religion teach in their different ways. Instead, it must be seen as an antinatural force that has usurped and abolished nature, substituting its own will for the processes that once appeared to be the immutable basis of life on Earth. This understanding of humanity\u2019s place outside and against the natural order is summed up in the term <i>Anthropocene<\/i>, which in the past decade has become one of the most important concepts in the humanities and social sciences.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"ArticlePullquote_root__YtnHv\">The celebrated \u201cantinatalist\u201d philosopher David Benatar argues that the disappearance of humanity would not deprive the universe of anything unique or valuable.<\/aside>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The legal scholar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/jedediah-purdy\/\">Jedediah Purdy<\/a> offers a good definition of this paradigm shift in his book <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780674979864\"><i>After Nature<\/i><\/a> (2015):<\/p>\n<div class=\"ArticleLegacyHtml_root__oTAAd ArticleLegacyHtml_standard__Qfi5x\">\n<blockquote class=\"\"><p>The Anthropocene finds its most extreme expression in our acknowledgment that the familiar divide between people and the natural world is no longer useful or accurate. Because we shape everything, from the upper atmosphere to the deep seas, there is no more nature that stands apart from human beings.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">We find our fingerprints even in places that might seem utterly inaccessible to human beings\u2014in the accumulation of plastic on the ocean floor and the thinning of the ozone layer six miles above our heads. Humanity\u2019s domination of the planet is so extensive that evolution itself must be redefined. The survival of the fittest, the basic mechanism of natural selection, now means the survival of what is most useful to human beings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">In the Anthropocene, nature becomes a reflection of humanity for the first time. The effect is catastrophic, not only in practical terms, but spiritually. Nature has long filled for secular humanity one of the roles once played by God, as a source of radical otherness that can humble us and lift us out of ourselves. One of the first observers to understand the significance of this change was the writer and activist Bill McKibben. In <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780812976083\"><i>The End of Nature<\/i><\/a> (1989), a landmark work of environmentalist thought, McKibben warned of the melting glaciers and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/climate-environment\/2022\/09\/29\/ian-hurricane-rapid-intensification-climate\/\">superstorms<\/a> that are now our everyday reality. But the real subject of the book was our traditional understanding of nature as a \u201cworld entirely independent of us which was here before we arrived and which encircled and supported our human society.\u201d This idea, McKibben wrote, was about to go extinct, \u201cjust like an animal or a plant\u201d\u2014or like Foucault\u2019s \u201cman,\u201d erased by the tides.<\/p>\n<p id=\"injected-recirculation-link-0\" class=\"ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__v6EBD\" data-view-action=\"view link - injected link - item 1\" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217=\"238979\" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217=\"100\" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2016\/04\/a-human-extinction-isnt-that-unlikely\/480444\/\">Read: Human extinction isn\u2019t that unlikely<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">If the choice that confronts us is between a world without nature and a world without humanity, today\u2019s most radical anti-humanist thinkers don\u2019t hesitate to choose the latter. In his 2006 book, <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780199549269\"><i>Better Never to Have Been<\/i><\/a>, the celebrated \u201cantinatalist\u201d philosopher David Benatar argues that the disappearance of humanity would not deprive the universe of anything unique or valuable: \u201cThe concern that humans will not exist at some future time is either a symptom of the human arrogance \u2026 or is some misplaced sentimentalism.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Humanists, even secular ones, assume that only humans can create meaning and value in the universe. Without us, we tend to believe, all kinds of things might continue to happen on Earth, but they would be pointless\u2014a show without an audience. For anti-humanists, however, this is just another example of the metaphysical egoism that leads us to overwhelm and destroy the planet. \u201cWhat is so special about a world that contains moral agents and rational deliberators?\u201d Benatar asks. \u201cThat humans value a world that contains beings such as themselves says more about their inappropriate sense of self-importance than it does about the world.\u201d Rather, we should take comfort in the certainty that humans will eventually disappear: \u201cThings will someday be the way they should be\u2014there will be no people.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI ArticleParagraph_dropcap__Xra23\"><span class=\"smallcaps\">like anti-humanists, <\/span>transhumanists contemplate the prospect of humanity\u2019s disappearance with serenity. What worries them is the possibility that it will happen too soon, before we have managed to invent our successors. As far as we know, humanity is the only intelligent species in the universe; if we go extinct, it may be game over for the mind. It\u2019s notable that although transhumanists are enthusiastic about space exploration, they are generally skeptical about the existence of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2022\/09\/search-for-extraterrestrial-life-aliens\/671410\/\">extraterrestrial intelligence<\/a>, or at least about the chances of our ever encountering it. If minds do exist elsewhere in the universe, the destiny of humanity would be of less cosmic significance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Humanity\u2019s sole stewardship of reason is what makes transhumanists interested in \u201cexistential risk,\u201d the danger that we will destroy ourselves before securing the future of the mind. In a 2002 paper, \u201cExistential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,\u201d the philosopher Nick Bostrom classifies such risks into four types, from \u201cBangs,\u201d in which we are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2012\/03\/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction\/253821\/\">completely wiped out<\/a> by climate change, nuclear war, disease, or asteroid impacts, to \u201cWhimpers,\u201d in which humanity survives but achieves \u201conly a minuscule degree of what could have been achieved\u201d\u2014for instance, because we use up our planet\u2019s resources too rapidly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ArticleInlineImageFigure_root__2_ZBX ArticleInlineImageFigure_alignWell__H5__7\">\n<figure class=\"ArticleInlineImageFigure_figure__EoCc0\"><picture class=\"ArticleInlineImageFigure_picture__HoflP ArticleInlineImageFigure_loaded__6FksI\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"Image_root__d3aBr Image_lazy__tutlP Image_loaded__9ZaHQ ArticleInlineImageFigure_image__kflyc\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/ZOTpKOSmKlq6OOJnwy6gGaG0eWk=\/0x0:2042x2437\/655x782\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 729px) 655px, (min-width: 576px) calc(100vw - 48px), 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/ZOTpKOSmKlq6OOJnwy6gGaG0eWk=\/0x0:2042x2437\/655x782\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg 655w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/thJDl7jBrmyvdJuOD9qN6RHZc6E=\/0x0:2042x2437\/750x895\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg 750w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/hGZFmvxWDukNHn1b-QN47TCeNCo=\/0x0:2042x2437\/850x1015\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg 850w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/mIbdGb9cw_LuoMKG3_lcGJDLA2E=\/0x0:2042x2437\/928x1108\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg 928w, https:\/\/cdn.theatlantic.com\/thumbor\/rlCsFLlasO_OyT0jM5wziaLhxr8=\/0x0:2042x2437\/1310x1564\/media\/img\/posts\/2022\/11\/WEL_Kirsch_2_spot\/original.jpg 1310w\" alt=\"painting of human figure looking out into abstract universe of colorful daubs of paint on black background\" width=\"655\" height=\"782\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"ArticleInlineImageFigure_caption__HZqXW ArticleInlineImageFigure_alignWell__H5__7\">Painting by Reynier Llanes. <em>Home<\/em>, 2022 (mixed media on paper, 70 x 59 inches).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">As for what humanity might achieve if all goes right, the philosopher Toby Ord writes in his 2020 book <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780316484923\"><i>The Precipice<\/i><\/a> that the possibilities are nearly infinite: \u201cIf we can venture out and animate the countless worlds above with life and love and thought, then \u2026 we could bring our cosmos to its full scale; make it worthy of our awe.\u201d Animating the cosmos may sound mystical or metaphorical, but for transhumanists it has a concrete meaning, captured in the term <i>cosmic endowment<\/i>. Just as a university can be seen as a device for transforming a monetary endowment into knowledge, so humanity\u2019s function is to transform the cosmic endowment\u2014all the matter and energy in the accessible universe\u2014into \u201ccomputronium,\u201d a semi-whimsical term for any programmable, information-bearing substance.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"ArticlePullquote_root__YtnHv\">Transhumanists believe that we will take the first steps toward escaping our physical form sooner than most people realize.<\/aside>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The Israeli thinker Yuval Noah Harari refers to this idea as \u201cDataism,\u201d describing it as a new religion whose \u201csupreme value\u201d is \u201cdata flow.\u201d \u201cThis cosmic data-processing system would be like God,\u201d he has written. \u201cIt will be everywhere and will control everything, and humans are destined to merge into it.\u201d Harari is highly skeptical of Dataism, and his summary of it may sound satirical or exaggerated. In fact, it\u2019s a quite accurate account of the ideas of the popular transhumanist author Ray Kurzweil. In his book <i><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780143037880\">The Singularity Is Near<\/a> <\/i>(2005), Kurzweil describes himself as a \u201cpatternist\u201d\u2014that is, \u201csomeone who views patterns of information as the fundamental reality.\u201d Examples of information patterns include DNA, semiconductor chips, and the letters on this page, all of which configure molecules so that they become meaningful instead of random. By turning matter into information, we redeem it from entropy and nullity. Ultimately, \u201ceven the \u2018dumb\u2019 matter and mechanisms of the universe will be transformed into exquisitely sublime forms of intelligence,\u201d Kurzweil prophesies.<\/p>\n<p id=\"injected-recirculation-link-1\" class=\"ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__v6EBD\" data-view-action=\"view link - injected link - item 2\" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217=\"358491\" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217=\"100\" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2012\/03\/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction\/253821\/\">Read: An interview with Nick Bostrom: We\u2019re underestimating the risk of human extinction<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">In his 2014 book, <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9780198739838\"><i>Superintelligence<\/i><\/a>, Nick Bostrom performs some back-of-the-envelope calculations and finds that a computer using the entire cosmic endowment as computronium could perform at least 10<sup>85<\/sup> operations a second. (For comparison, as of 2020 the most powerful supercomputer, Japan\u2019s Fugaku, could perform on the order of 10<sup>17<\/sup> operations a second.) This mathematical gloss is meant to make the project of animating the universe seem rational and measurable, but it hardly conceals the essentially religious nature of the idea. Kurzweil calls it \u201cthe ultimate destiny of the universe,\u201d a phrase not ordinarily employed by people who profess to be scientific materialists. It resembles the ancient Hindu belief that the Atman, the individual soul, is identical to the Brahman, the world-spirit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Ultimately, the source of all the limitations that transhumanism chafes against is embodiment itself. But transhumanists believe that we will take the first steps toward escaping our physical form sooner than most people realize. In fact, although engineering challenges remain, we have already made the key conceptual breakthroughs. By building computers out of silicon transistors, we came to understand that the brain itself is a computer made of organic tissue. Just as computers can perform all kinds of calculations and emulations by aggregating bits, so the brain generates all of our mental experiences by aggregating neurons.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">If we are also able to build a brain scanner that can capture the state of every synapse at a given moment\u2014the pattern of information that neuroscientists call the connectome, a term analogous with <i>genome<\/i>\u2014then we can upload that pattern into a brain-emulating computer. The result will be, for all intents and purposes, a human mind. An uploaded mind won\u2019t dwell in the same environment as we do, but that\u2019s not necessarily a disadvantage. On the contrary, because a virtual environment is much more malleable than a physical one, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/will-your-uploaded-mind-still-be-you-11568386410\">an uploaded mind<\/a> could have experiences and adventures we can only dream of, like living in a movie or a video game.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">For transhumanists, mind-uploading fits perfectly into a \u201cpatternist\u201d future. If the mind is a pattern of information, it doesn\u2019t matter whether that pattern is instantiated in carbon-based neurons or silicon-based transistors; it is still authentically you. The Dutch neuroscientist Randal Koene refers to such patterns as Substrate-Independent Minds, or SIMs, and sees them as the key to immortality. \u201cYour identity, your memories can then be embodied physically in many ways. They can also be backed up and operate robustly on fault-tolerant hardware with redundancy schemes,\u201d he writes in the 2013 essay \u201cUploading to Substrate-Independent Minds.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The transhumanist holy grail is artificial general intelligence\u2014a computer mind that can learn about any subject, rather than being confined to a narrow domain, such as chess. Even if such an AI started out in a rudimentary form, it would be able to apply itself to the problem of AI design and improve itself to think faster and deeper. Then the improved version would improve itself, and so on, exponentially. As long as it had access to more and more computing power, an artificial general intelligence could theoretically improve itself without limit, until it became more capable than all human beings put together.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">This is the prospect that transhumanists refer to, with awe and anxiety, as \u201cthe singularity.\u201d Bostrom thinks it\u2019s quite reasonable to worry \u201cthat the world could be radically transformed and humanity deposed from its position as apex cogitator over the course of an hour or two,\u201d before the AI\u2019s creators realize what has happened. The most radical challenge of AI, however, is that it forces us to ask why humanity\u2019s goals deserve to prevail. An AI takeover would certainly be bad for the human beings who are alive when it occurs, but perhaps a world dominated by nonhuman minds would be morally preferable in the end, with less cruelty and waste. Or maybe our preferences are entirely irrelevant. We might be in the position of God after he created humanity with free will, thus forfeiting the right to intervene when his creation makes mistakes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The central difference between anti-humanists and transhumanists has to do with their ideas about meaning. Anti-humanists believe that the universe doesn\u2019t need to include consciousness for its existence to be meaningful, while transhumanists believe the universe would be meaningless without minds to experience and understand it. But there is no requirement that those minds be human ones. In fact, AI minds might be more appreciative than we are of the wonder of creation. They might know nothing of the violence and hatred that often makes humanity loathsome to human beings themselves. Our greatest spiritual achievements might seem as crude and indecipherable to them as a coyote\u2019s howl is to us.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI ArticleParagraph_dropcap__Xra23\"><span class=\"smallcaps\">neither the sun <\/span>nor death can be looked at with a steady eye, La Rochefoucauld said. The disappearance of the human race belongs in the same category. We can acknowledge that it\u2019s bound to happen someday, but the possibility that the day might be tomorrow, or 10 years from now, is hard to contemplate.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Calls for the disappearance of humanity are hard to understand other than rhetorically. It\u2019s natural to assume that transhumanism is just a dramatic way of drawing attention to the promise of new technology, while Anthropocene anti-humanism is really environmentalism in a hurry. Such skepticism is nourished by the way these schools of thought rely on unverifiable predictions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">But the accuracy of a prophecy is one thing; its significance is another. In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus tells his followers that the world is going to end in their lifetime: \u201cVerily I say to you, there are some standing here who shall not taste death till they see the Son of Man coming in His kingdom.\u201d This proved not to be true\u2014at least not in any straightforward sense\u2014but the promise still changed the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The apocalyptic predictions of today\u2019s transhumanist and anti-humanist thinkers are of a very different nature, but they too may be highly significant even if they don\u2019t come to pass. Profound civilizational changes begin with a revolution in how people think about themselves and their destiny. The revolt against humanity has the potential to be such a beginning, with unpredictable consequences for politics, economics, technology, and culture.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">The revolt against humanity has a great future ahead of it because it appeals to people who are at once committed to science and reason yet yearn for the clarity and purpose of an absolute moral imperative. It says that we can move the planet, maybe even the universe, in the direction of the good, on one condition\u2014that we forfeit our own existence as a species.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">In this way, the question of why humanity exists is given a convincing yet wholly immanent answer. Following the logic of sacrifice, we give our life meaning by giving it up.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">Anthropocene anti-humanism and transhumanism share this premise, despite their contrasting visions of the post-human future. The former longs for a return to the natural equilibrium that existed on Earth before humans came along to disrupt it with our technological rapacity. The latter dreams of pushing forward, using technology to achieve a complete abolition of nature and its limitations. One sees reason as the serpent that got humanity expelled from Eden, while the other sees it as the only road back to Eden.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\">But both call for drastic forms of human self-limitation\u2014whether that means the destruction of civilization, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2021\/09\/millennials-babies-climate-change\/620032\/\">the renunciation of child-bearing<\/a>, or the replacement of human beings by machines. These sacrifices are ways of expressing high ethical ambitions that find no scope in our ordinary, hedonistic lives: compassion for suffering nature, hope for cosmic dominion, love of knowledge. This essential similarity between anti-humanists and transhumanists means that they may often find themselves on the same side in the political and social struggles to come.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ArticleInjector_clsAvoider__pXehw\">\u00a0<em>This article was adapted from Adam Kirsch\u2019s book <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/12476\/9781735913766\">The Revolt Against Humanity<\/a><em>. It appears in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/toc\/2023\/01\/\">January\/February 2023<\/a> print edition with the headline \u201cThe End of Us.\u201d <\/em><i>When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting <\/i>The Atlantic.<\/div>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\"><a class=\"author-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/adam-kirsch\/\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/author\/adam-kirsch\/\" data-action=\"click author - name\">Adam Kirsch<\/a> is the author of several books, including <a href=\"https:\/\/globalreports.columbia.edu\/books\/the-revolt-against-humanity\/\"><em>The Revolt Against Humanity: Imagining a Future Without Us<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleParagraph_root__wy3UI\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>. . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"article-header-text\">\n<div class=\"article-hero article-layout-featured\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-12\">\n<div class=\"row article-header\">\n<div class=\"col-md-6 d-lg-flex align-items-center\">\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-14352\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-773x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"773\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-773x1024.png 773w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-113x150.png 113w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11-768x1018.png 768w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image-11.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><em>Kiss the Son<\/em> (detail, center panel of triptych), by Nicora Gangi \u00a9 The\u00a0artist<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-header-text\">\n<div class=\"header-text-holder\">\n<div class=\"title-header desktop d-none d-md-block\">\n<h1 class=\"title\">Apocalypse Nowish<\/h1>\n<div class=\"byline\">by Michael Robbins, Harper&#8217;s Magazine, Essay, December 2022<\/div>\n<div class=\"byline\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"byline\"><em>The sense of an ending<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"byline\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"byline\">I first read the Book of Revelation in a green pocket-size King James New Testament published by the motel missionaries Gideons International. I was in seventh grade. I remember reading the tiny Bible in the hallway outside my chemistry classroom, in which lurked a boy I loathed named Glenn, who would make fun of my Journey T-shirts. It would be years before I really got into Iron Maiden, but at my friend Jonathan\u2019s house I\u2019d heard Barry Clayton\u2019s creepy recitation of Revelation 13:18 on the title track of <em>The Number of the Beast<\/em>: \u201cLet him who hath understanding reckon the number of the beast: for it is a human number; its number is six hundred and sixty-six.\u201d<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"flex-sections\">\n<section id=\"section-286070-1\" class=\"flex-section flex-section-content \">\n<div class=\"row row-article-flex-content \">\n<div class=\"col-lg-8\">\n<div class=\"wysiwyg-content entry-content\">\n<p>I wanted to know what that was all about. My father was so dismissive of any form of religious thought that I was in second grade before I realized that some people believed in the devil, whom I had drawn for an art project. My teacher wouldn\u2019t post my drawing on the wall with the others, on the grounds that it might offend Christian sensibilities, though it was a standard cartoonish red devil with horns, pitchfork, and pointy tail. I was nonplussed: surely Satan was a fictional character, like Santa Claus or Batman. (Of course he is, my dad explained that night, but not everyone realizes\u00a0this.)<\/p>\n<p>By seventh grade I was much better acquainted with religious belief, aware even of its stirrings within myself. Revelation still seemed as fantastical as my drawing. It\u2019s a trip, sure\u2014seven-headed dragons, lion-headed horses, and lakes of fire are inherently cool. But no one in his right mind could actually believe this\u00a0stuff.<\/p>\n<p>Not the dragon stuff, which scans as symbolic to even the dullest seventh-grader, but whatever the evangelicals thought the dragon stuff was a metaphor for. I knew they had notions on the subject, for they had briefly kidnapped me and made me watch a filmstrip about hell in what appeared to be a taco truck. This would have been a few summers earlier, in Salida, Colorado, in a park along the Arkansas\u00a0River.<\/p>\n<p>Anyway, I thought Revelation was deranged,<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> and I loved it. \u201cAnd I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps.\u201d Its closing lines struck me then and still strike me as immeasurably moving: \u201cHe which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord\u00a0Jesus.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the decades following Jesus\u2019 death, the apocalypse<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> was believed to be so imminent that Paul felt he had to hurry, complaining that barely had he begun to spread the gospel in one place when another beckoned to him. In the first few centuries of the Christian era, the world was \u201ca dark house full of war,\u201d as Anthony the Great wrote from the desert, and heavy shit was being revealed to prophets all over the place. Some of it has been passed down in text, such as the Secret Book of John, to whom \u201ca figure with several forms within the light\u201d appeared to tell of \u201cwhat is, what was, and what is to come, that you may understand what is invisible and what is visible; and to teach you about the unshakable race of perfect humankind.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Wild forms of millenarianism flourished in Europe from the Middle Ages through the seventeenth century, as Norman Cohn and Christopher Hill have delightfully documented. The Second Coming was expected any moment; Antichrist was abroad in the land\u2014he was the pope, or he was Martin Luther, or he was just the general vibe. \u201cThe judgment day is at hand,\u201d proclaimed John Bunyan in 1658. The so-called Amaurians of the thirteenth century, precursors to the Brethren of the Free Spirit, held that they were living in the last of three ages, the Age of the Holy Spirit, which was to culminate in a series of catastrophes that would kill off most of humankind, leaving only a saving remnant who would become\u00a0divine.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve always liked them\u2014the ranters, revivalists, the killer messiahs and flipped-out founders of communes. The camp meetings in the woods where young people would bark and howl and writhe on the ground and fall into trances that lasted for days. Jonathan Edwards in full gallop, reading the chiliastic\u00a0signs.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve been thinking about all this lately for obvious reasons. We live in a dark house full of war. Not that I anticipate the Christian eschaton\u2014who needs divine revelation when you can google \u201cmore plastic than fish by 2050\u201d? Nor have I been \u201cblack-pilled.\u201d I didn\u2019t ask to get \u201cEve of Destruction\u201d stuck in my head. I desperately want us to <em>get our shit together<\/em>. We could build a free society that doesn\u2019t view the planet as a profit engine. I just really doubt that we will. Climate disaster, economic collapse, war, resurgent fascism and nationalism, assaults on basic political freedoms, mass violence: all these mutually reinforcing in a sinister feedback loop, the structural stresses of capital\u2019s death throes accelerating ecological catastrophe and exacerbating reactionary forces, which in turn further stress the structure. The collapse won\u2019t be a single event, but a slide into what the world-systems analyst Giovanni Arrighi calls \u201csystemic chaos.\u201d Late-capitalist society is a coyote suspended above an abyss, believing he still stands on solid ground. We are in the interval before he notices he\u2019s supported by thin air and plummets to the canyon\u00a0floor.<\/p>\n<p class=\"drop-cap\">The voluminous scholarship of apocalypse tends to follow a pattern. The Book of Daniel is cited, and Revelation; Zarathustra is wheeled onstage; the Sibylline Oracles perhaps are mentioned. It is noted that there are \u201capocalypses\u201d or revelations (such as the Secret Book of John) which are not \u201capocalyptic\u201d in the derived doomsday sense\u2014Bruce Willis blowing up an asteroid to save the earth. Often apocalypticism is then differentiated from both millenarianism and eschatology.<\/p>\n<p>These phenomena are then further delimited. The great Russian Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that \u201cThe sense of the end is widespread in humankind. Humankind has an instinctive knowledge that the world will end, just as a man dies.\u201d But apocalyptic traditions such as those of the Near East, from Zoroastrianism to Islam, are not universal. There is no Hindu equivalent of the \u201clast day,\u201d for instance, and \u201capocalyptic ideas entered Mesoamerican culture only after the arrival of the Europeans,\u201d according to the scholar of religion Lorenzo DiTommaso. As the Lakota historian Nick Estes has noted, \u201cIndigenous people are post-apocalyptic. In some cases, we have undergone several apocalypses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These are important distinctions. But I\u2019m more interested here in what Raymond Williams termed a \u201cstructure of feeling,\u201d the general drift, an atmosphere. If I confuse divine and secular, religious and political, in what follows, it\u2019s because they\u2019ve been all swirled together in my head since I read Revelation while avoiding Glenn, as they are in popular culture, where each is an allegory for the other: Neo in <em>The Matrix<\/em> is the Messiah; the spacecraft carrying the bombs to blow up the comet in <em>Deep Impact<\/em> is named the <em>Messiah<\/em>; <em>Armageddon<\/em> is called <em>Armageddon<\/em>. I don\u2019t believe the New Jerusalem will descend from the heavens, but nor do I regard spiritual revelation as simply \u201ca feeling inside,\u201d as the ever-subtle Richard Dawkins put it, probably not with reference to Elton\u00a0John.<\/p>\n<p>During the apocalyptic summer of 2020, I was walking along the Rivanna River in Charlottesville, Virginia, when Jackson Browne\u2019s \u201cBefore the Deluge\u201d came up on my still-functional 2008\u00a0iPod:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Some of them were dreamers<br \/>\nAnd some of them were fools<br \/>\nWho were making plans and thinking of the future<br \/>\nWith the energy of the innocent<br \/>\nThey were gathering the tools<br \/>\nThey would need to make their journey back to\u00a0nature<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Yeah, I know. Browne writes songs you want to hear again while also wishing you\u2019d never learned English. But these lines evoked a certain structure of feeling, born in the counterculture of the Sixties, whose remnants I hazily recall from the late Seventies and early Eighties.<\/p>\n<p>When I stayed with my mother growing up, I spent time with people who lived in school buses and people who claimed to be witches and people who followed the Dead and a guy who got free drinks in Leadville by passing for Bob Seger. They threw the <em>I Ching<\/em> and talked about ESP and smoked copious amounts of marijuana. They seemed ready to take off at any moment for just about any reason, and many of them\u00a0did.<\/p>\n<p>This milieu could be enticing for a kid\u2014I could do whatever I wanted. But since the reason I could do whatever I wanted was that the adults around me were completely irresponsible, it was often a drag. I knew what an eviction notice was, I knew how to use food stamps, I knew not to trust cops. It was erratic; everyone was unstable. Still, wasn\u2019t there something romantic about this pitiful rejection of what they called \u201cthe straight world\u201d\u2014or is it just nostalgia that makes me think so? But T.\u00a0J.\u00a0Clark calls nostalgia \u201cthat most realistic of interpretive\u00a0tropes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>There was a pervasive sense, entirely absent from my sojourns with my father in the straight world, that the whole system was headed for a crash, and you needed to be ready. Some of this was explicitly religious\u2014the school bus folks expected Jesus\u2019 imminent advent in the clouds\u2014and some of it was political, but much of it was vague, something in the air, in the songs that floated through my childhood, shadowboxing the apocalypse. the end is nigh read the sandwich board of the street prophet in the comics of my youth, from <em>MAD<\/em> to <em>Watchmen<\/em>. I might be predisposed to believe the bridge is out up ahead, is my\u00a0point.<\/p>\n<p>This was the element in which I encountered <em>The Late Great Planet Earth<\/em>, Hal Lindsey\u2019s 1970 eschatological bestseller. My mom or her roommates would leave books lying around, and I would read them, no matter what they were\u2014<em>Jonathan Livingston Seagull<\/em>, <em>The Stand<\/em>, <em>The Amityville Horror<\/em>. (Don\u2019t give a ten-year-old a copy of <em>The Amityville Horror<\/em>.) I\u2019d like to think that even then I admired the shamelessness of Lindsey\u2019s gotcha\u00a0opening:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This is a book about prophecy\u2014Bible prophecy. If you have no interest in the future, this isn\u2019t for you. If you have no curiosity about a subject that some consider controversial, you might as well stop\u00a0now.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Lindsey had a snake oil salesman\u2019s sleazy charm, and a pandering sense of scale: \u201cWhen the reality of the moon landing really hit, it was awesome.\u201d But you ain\u2019t seen nothin\u2019 yet: \u201cThere is another trip which many men, women, and children will take one day which will leave the rest of the world gasping.\u201d This is the Rapture, when believers will be swept up to heaven, leaving behind empty beds, unpiloted planes, half-mown lawns, and unmanned information kiosks, before the coming of Antichrist. The Rapture has no scriptural basis besides an obviously metaphorical verse in Paul\u2019s first epistle to the Thessalonians. (The literalists always forget that the preferred genre of the New Testament\u2019s protagonist is the parable.) I didn\u2019t really believe it, but it\u2019s a hell of a premise.<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> It left a permanent impression on my imagination.<\/p>\n<p>This era saw umpteen popular paperback prophecies of parousia, many of which I read simply because they were there. My favorite was Salem Kirban\u2019s now forgotten precursor to the Left Behind novels, <em>666,<\/em> bearing on its cover the same verses that Iron Maiden cite in \u201cThe Number of the Beast.\u201d And these had their umpteen popular secular counterparts, often no less absurd or tragic. In the early Sixties, while Billy Graham was informing crowds that they were living in the Last Days, <em>U.S. News &amp; World Report<\/em> assured subscribers that their checks would still be good \u201cif bombs do fall\u201d and their banks get vaporized. William and Paul Paddock predicted that overpopulation would lead to <em>Famine 1975!,<\/em> a 1967 bestseller in which the authors regretfully conclude that \u201chopeless countries\u201d like India and Egypt must be abandoned to their fate because \u201cto send food is to throw sand in the ocean.\u201d Paul Ehrlich was listening: his apocalyptic screed <em>The Population Bomb<\/em> opens with a racist description of \u201cone stinking hot night in Delhi,\u201d lent \u201ca hellish aspect\u201d by cooking fires, the streets \u201calive with people,\u201d confessing that he and his family \u201cwere, frankly, frightened\u201d as they rode safely in a taxi to their hotel. Rather than reflect on the legacy of colonialism, Ehrlich decided that there were just too many damn \u201cpeople, people, people.\u201d In the Seventies, more than one hundred million of them were sure to perish in a global\u00a0famine.<\/p>\n<p>There were also intelligent versions of the apocalyptic structure of feeling. Some were militant, like the poems in Diane di Prima\u2019s <em>Revolutionary Letters,<\/em> which abound with practical advice for the revolution, a <em>Letters to a Young Poet<\/em> for the budding Weatherman:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>store water; make a point of filling your bathtub<br \/>\nat the first news of trouble: they turned off the water<br \/>\nin the 4th ward for a whole day during the Newark\u00a0riots<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>at some point<br \/>\nyou may be called upon<br \/>\nto keep going for several days without sleep:<br \/>\nkeep some ups\u00a0around<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>there are those who can tell you<br \/>\nhow to make molotov cocktails, flamethrowers,<br \/>\nbombs whatever<br \/>\nyou might be needing<br \/>\nfind them and\u00a0learn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>There was Herbert Marcuse\u2019s <em>One-Dimensional Man,<\/em> which recounts with fascinated horror the advertised amenities of civil-defense preparations, a \u201ccombination family room\u00a0.\u2009.\u2009. and family fallout shelter\u201d comfortably accoutred with carpet, television, lounge chairs, and board games. A bourgeois nuclear winter for the nuclear family, as today\u2019s sociopathic billionaires construct luxury bunkers in missile silos in which to ride out climate chaos. And Norman O.\u00a0Brown\u2019s strange, mostly forgotten <em>Love\u2019s Body,<\/em> a m\u00e9lange of mysticism, psychoanalysis, and apocalyptic rhetoric: Melanie Klein and William Blake, Augustine and Artaud, Kerouac and Mircea Eliade. \u201cThank God the world cannot be made safe,\u201d Brown wrote, \u201cfor democracy or anything else.\u201d Marcuse hated\u00a0it.<\/p>\n<p>Expecting the apocalypse has been an American pastime since the colonial era. Marcuse wrote <em>One-Dimensional Man<\/em> in Massachusetts, not far from where Jonathan Edwards discerned the scriptural prophecy of the millennium \u201cplainly to point out America, as the first-fruits of that glorious day.\u201d Henry Adams decided that the second law of thermodynamics applied to human history as a closed system. \u201cThe apocalypse has been announced so many times that it cannot occur,\u201d as the situationist Raoul Vaneigem put it in his book on the Brethren of the Free Spirit. The end of the world is always around the next bend. Look out of any\u00a0window.<\/p>\n<p>So I\u2019d be foolish not to scatter some asterisks. \u201cBeginning to be the end it seemed,\u201d writes Nathaniel Mackey. \u201cEnding begun to be come to again.\u201d \u201cThe imagination,\u201d said Wallace Stevens, \u201cis always at the end of an era.\u201d And Robert Frost: \u201cIt is immodest of a man to think of himself as going down before the worst forces ever mobilized by God.\u201d Many ends of the world have come and gone. \u201cWhen it appears that it cannot be so,\u201d Frank Kermode noted in <em>The Sense of an Ending<\/em>, \u201cthey act as if it were true in a different sense.\u201d What can I say, Frank, you got\u00a0me.<\/p>\n<p class=\"drop-cap\">The conflation of religious millenarianism and revolutionary politics is an understandable, if misleading, tendency. But I want to consider some arguments about how, precisely, they are related. A frequent aim of each is <em>omnia sunt communia<\/em>\u2014all things in common (Acts 2:44)\u2014and for each to achieve this aim requires the overturning of the existent social order, which is adjudged corrupt, never inaccurately. \u201cThe earth,\u201d wrote the Digger Gerrard Winstanley in 1649, was created \u201cto be a common treasury\u00a0.\u2009.\u2009. a common storehouse for all,\u201d but it \u201cis bought and sold and kept in the hands of a few.\u201d Christopher Hill notes that Winstanley envisaged \u201ca state monopoly for foreign trade\u201d after the abolition of private property, \u201cone of the first things the Soviet government established after taking over power in 1917.\u201d Engels saw in the ideas of the Anabaptist Thomas M\u00fcntzer, leader of the sixteenth-century Peasants\u2019 Revolt in Central Europe, a precursor of modern communism. Karl Kautsky was less sure. The Great Awakening, wrote the Congregationalist minister Charles Chauncy in alarm, \u201chas made strong attempts to destroy all property, to make all things\u00a0common.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The field guide to millenarianism remains Norman Cohn\u2019s <em>Pursuit of the Millennium<\/em>, that magical mystery tour of Ranters, flagellants, Free Spirits, messiahs, lesser messiahs, autocratic messiahs, disappointed messiahs, and anarcho-communists. Guy Debord, who admired Cohn\u2019s book, nevertheless felt he had the wrong end of the stick, as he argued in <em>The Society of the Spectacle<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>So, contrary to what Norman Cohn believes he has demonstrated in <em>The Pursuit of the Millennium<\/em>, modern revolutionary hopes are not an irrational sequel to the religious passion of millenarianism. The exact opposite is true: millenarianism, the expression of a revolutionary class struggle speaking the language of religion for the last time, was already a modern revolutionary tendency, lacking only the consciousness of being <em>historical and nothing more<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Eric Hobsbawm more or less concurs, finding Cohn\u2019s study \u201cvitiated by a tendency to interpret medieval in terms of modern revolutionary movements and the other way\u00a0around.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As the present essay attests, it\u2019s hard to resist this sort of thinking. Thirty years after Hobsbawm slapped Cohn\u2019s wrist, he was writing\u00a0that<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>like the early Christians, most pre-1914 socialists were believers in the great apocalyptic change which would abolish all that was evil and bring about a society without unhappiness, oppression, inequality and injustice.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Maybe so. But I want to hold on to the slight difference between Debord\u2019s and Hobsbawm\u2019s corrections of Cohn. Hobsbawm faults him for interpreting the medieval in terms of the modern phenomena \u201cand the other way around.\u201d But Debord says Cohn gets the relationship exactly backward: one must read religious millenarianism in the light cast by modern revolutionary hopes, not vice versa. It\u2019s not, as Cohn has it, that revolutionary struggles are religious; it\u2019s that medieval millennial movements were revolutionary struggles expressed in the language of their\u00a0time.<\/p>\n<p>This is in one sense Debord turning Hegel on his head, asserting the materialist base of religious ideas. But I read it also as a statement of solidarity with the mad prophets on the burning shore: they often fought the good fight. The Bohemian millenarians of the fifteenth century, a contemporary chronicler relates, inspired fear \u201con all sides\u201d that \u201cthe poor\u201d and \u201cthe rough folk\u201d would soon \u201cturn against all who were decent and law-abiding, and against the rich.\u201d As well they should. \u201cI take for religion\u2009\/\u2009\/\u2009its joyousness, not its millennial\u2009\/\u2009struggle,\u201d Pasolini wrote. But the historian Paul Boyer is onto something:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Radicals seeking evidence of grassroots disaffection with the structure of modern society have ignored a rich potential source\u2014the torrent of skeptical commentary by premillennialists, whose array of prophetic \u201csigns\u201d included social, economic, and technological processes so broad as to be almost coterminous with modernity\u00a0itself.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>It is not quite true that radicals have \u201cignored\u201d these sources, but the point is well-taken. John Brown and Thomas M\u00fcntzer ventured (and lost) their lives agitating against tremendous systems of domination because of and not despite their religion. Of course, Frederick Douglass drew the sharpest distinction \u201cbetween the Christianity of this land, and the Christianity of\u00a0Christ.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"drop-cap\">Today\u2019s apocalyptic structure of feeling differs from its predecessors in that it is totally pessimistic. \u201cRemain calm,\u201d communist theorist Bifo Berardi advises readers. \u201cDon\u2019t be attached to life, and most of all: don\u2019t have hope, that addictive poisonous weed.\u201d Nuclear warheads may or may not fall from the skies. Ditto Jesus. But the planet <em>will<\/em> get hotter. Even in the most realistically optimistic scenario,<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a>coral reefs face complete die-off, sea levels rise, and entire species and ecosystems vanish. Extreme weather\u2014storms, wildfires, floods, droughts\u2014will become ever more commonplace. And of course it is the less optimistic scenarios that are more likely to come to\u00a0pass.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgakov denied that the \u201cphilosophy of history as the \u2018philosophy of the end\u2019\u2009\u201d could be characterized as pessimism. \u201cBut neither is it optimism, for, <em>within the limits<\/em> of history itself, there is no resolution for this tragedy.\u201d That is, nothing can be done until history is ended, in the transfiguration of the world through the parousia, the coming of Christ the King. At the risk of nullifying its true content, I would secularize, or historicize, Bulgakov\u2019s\u00a0insight.<\/p>\n<p>As a synecdoche for the tragedy of our historical moment, consider a news item about the murder of nineteen schoolchildren in Uvalde, Texas. One victim, ten-year-old Maite Rodriguez, was identifiable only by the green Converse sneakers she wore. She had drawn a heart on her right shoe. After the actor Matthew McConaughey, for some reason delivering a press briefing at the White House, made this detail known to the public, the shoes sold out as appalled consumers ordered them\u00a0online.<\/p>\n<p>It is impossible to understand a society whose response to the slaughter of children is to purchase green Converse sneakers as anything other than psychotic. It is impossible, I believe, to wish for such a society to continue\u2014a society that is also bent on murdering as many other forms of life as possible, driving entire species extinct, rendering the planet uninhabitable. To say nothing of the millions of incarcerated souls, the hundreds of millions living in slums while the superrich eat like emperors on private jets. And on and on. No, \u201cI always wanted this world ended,\u201d as the communist Franco Fortini\u00a0said.<\/p>\n<p>Within the limits of history, there is no solution, whether we look to climate accords or philanthropic billionaires. Liberals stroll the fairylands of blue waves and Green New Deals or cling to the hope that science will save us, through geoengineering or nuclear power, carbon capture or magic beans. I think of Los, in Blake\u2019s <em>Jerusalem<\/em>, \u201cStriving with Systems to deliver Individuals from those Systems.\u201d<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> The crisis cannot be resolved from within the institutions that gave rise to the\u00a0crisis.<\/p>\n<p>Just this morning I read a book review in the <em>Washington Post<\/em> with an assertion that made me laugh out loud: \u201cIt\u2019s likely that at least some people will survive climate change, and that 1,000 years from now their gadgets will make ours seem primitive.\u201d Some people will survive climate change, sure. But is it \u201clikely\u201d that they will produce advanced gadgets a millennium from now? They\u2019ll figure out a magical way to sustainably produce advanced technology without depleting natural resources and once again poisoning the planet? Perhaps they will also build starships to spread humanist values to strange new\u00a0worlds.<\/p>\n<p>Or perhaps the people left behind after climate apocalypse will have learned from our mistakes. I think of a scene from the television adaptation of <em>Station Eleven<\/em>. Kirsten (Mackenzie Davis) is fielding questions from Alex (Philippine Velge), a young thespian born after a pandemic that erased civilization, about what smartphones were\u00a0like:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cSo how many plays fit on this one?\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cAlex, every play. All of the plays fit on it.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cI wish I coulda had a phone.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cThey weren\u2019t that great.\u201d<a class=\"footnote-number footnote-link \" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\"#footnote6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The series adapts Emily St.\u00a0John Mandel\u2019s surprise bestseller, itself part of a recent end-of-the-world boom. <em>The Road<\/em>, <em>The Walking Dead<\/em>, <em>This Is the End<\/em>, <em>How It Ends<\/em>, <em>Melancholia<\/em>, <em>Seeking a Friend for the End of the World<\/em>, <em>I Think We\u2019re Alone Now<\/em>, <em>It Comes at Night<\/em>, <em>A Quiet Place<\/em>, <em>The Passage<\/em>, <em>The End of October<\/em>, <em>Survivor Song<\/em>, <em>Y: The Last Man<\/em>\u2014these are just a few that occur to me off the top of my head. The titles alone are a structure of feeling. And they keep coming, every day another title imagining the end, or what comes after the end, as if we keep trying to get it right\u2014no, it will be like <em>this<\/em>\u00a0.\u2009.\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>It is seventy-five years since Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer lamented the tendency of people to take the status quo, \u201cwhich they themselves constantly create,\u201d as given, \u201ca fortress before which even the revolutionary imagination feels shamed as utopianism, and degenerates to a compliant trust in the objective tendency of history.\u201d The Marxist Helmut Reichelt, paraphrasing Adorno, called this seemingly given fortress \u201can objective structure that has become autonomous.\u201d We can still demolish this structure\u2014though the hour is getting late\u2014but instead we search within it (not very hard, it must be said) for ways to ameliorate its\u00a0effects.<\/p>\n<p>I sure don\u2019t know how to demolish it. I just know that the oil companies will not stop drilling unless we force them to, unless we take matters into our own hands, as Andreas Malm recently suggested in his ambitiously titled <em>How to Blow Up a Pipeline<\/em>. I just know that we can\u2019t look to the state to save us, as even Malm ultimately does. The state is nothing if not the guarantor of the very property relations that got us into this mess in the first place. Anahid Nersessian, in a bravura reading of di Prima\u2019s \u201cRevolutionary Letter #7,\u201d defines \u201caction\u201d in the poet\u2019s sense as \u201ca name for a concrete but open-ended intensity to which some unidentified people are giving everything they have for an unspecified amount of time.\u201d Thoreau complained in his\u00a0journal:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>It galls me to listen to the remarks of craven-hearted neighbors who speak disparagingly of [John] Brown because he resorted to violence, resisted the government, threw his life away!\u2014what way have they thrown their lives,\u00a0pray?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>What way will we throw our lives? The historian Mike Davis has imagined the horseman of pestilence telling a reporter on the White House lawn, \u201cYour whole society is suffering from acute apocalypse denial.\u201d The thing about wanting this world ended is you want it ended <em>the right way<\/em>. If we don\u2019t end it ourselves, if we don\u2019t stop those who are killing everything, it will almost certainly end quite badly, especially for the poorest and most subjugated among us. And what comes next could well be even worse. The George Floyd rebellion of 2020 remains, along with Occupy, Standing Rock, the Arab Spring, and several other scattered refusals to comply with the status quo, a bright beacon of possibility. But the disappointing issue of these, the reversion to the positive facticity of what exists\u2014in no small part due to the other side\u2019s overwhelming monopoly on naked force\u2014conjures an image of the future in which, in solidarity with the dead, isolated subjects click to add shoes to their shopping carts\u00a0forever.<\/p>\n<p>And yet. Perhaps it is my early grounding in eschatology and the counterculture that allows me to see\u2014not hope, not at all, but opportunity. Is it not when things are darkest, when all hope is lost, that one fights with abandon, shamelessly shoots for utopia? For then there is nothing left to lose. And I have heard that another word for nothing left to lose is\u00a0freedom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"ArticleWell_root__MEFqL\">\n<div class=\"ArticleBio_bio__5k27k\"><em>Michael Robbins\u00a0is the author, most recently, of the poetry collection Walkman.<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"ArticleBio_bio__5k27k\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Notes from the\u00a0Apocalypse, The\u00a0Atlantic Magazine,\u00a0Apocalypse Nowish, Harper&#8217;s Magazine \u00a0 As we come to the end of the first month of 2023, we are posting the cover story from the January\/February edition of The Atlantic Magazine, bookended by the cover story from last month of 2022 in the December edition of Harper&#8217;s Magazine. The subject is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14359"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14359"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14359\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14369,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14359\/revisions\/14369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}