By Jessie Steinhauer, the American University in Cairo, May 16, 2018<\/p>\n
Timeline of the struggle over Jerusalem and its holy sites since 70 AD.<\/p>\n
70:<\/b>\u00a0Romans destroy the Jewish Second Temple.<\/p>\n
325\u2013326:<\/b> Roman Emperor Constantine builds the Church of the Sepulcher upon the site of Christ\u2019s death and resurrection.<\/p>\n
637:<\/b> Arab army conquers Jerusalem; Caliph Omar Ibn El-Khattab refuses to pray within the Church of the Sepulcher, allowing for continued Christian worship on the site, and reopens the holy sites to Jewish worship; his successor Caliph Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan builds Dome of the Rock while Caliph Al-Walid Ibn Abd Al-Malik builds Al-Aqsa Mosque, marking the spot on the Temple Mount where the Prophet Mohammed departed on his Night Journey to heaven.<\/p>\n
1193:<\/b> Saladin\u2019s son, Sultan Al-Afdal, endows the Magharbeh Quarter, which includes the Western Wall (Wailing Wall) of the Temple Mount as it is known to Jews, and the Haram Al-Sharif to Muslims, as a religious endowment under one Muslim jurisdiction that permitted access and worship.<\/p>\n
1852:<\/b> Ottoman Sultan Abdul Majid issues a decree that maintains shared rights of access, possession, and worship to the Church of the Sepulcher, the rooftop monastery of Dayr Al-Sultan, the Sanctuary of the Ascension of the Mount of Olives, the Tomb of the Virgin in Gethsemane, and the Church of the Nativity in Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The decree establishes the principle of \u201cstatus quo,\u201d a legal arrangement over custodianship of holy sites in Jerusalem; the Western Wall, the Haram Al-Sharif\/Temple Mount, the Cenacle on Mt. Zion, and Rachel\u2019s Tomb were later included in the status quo arrangements.<\/p>\n
1878: <\/b>European powers confirm in the Treaty of Berlin that \u201cno alteration can be made in the status quo in the holy places.\u201d<\/p>\n
1882:<\/b> First Aliyah of Jewish mass immigration to Palestine begins following rise of Zionism in Europe.<\/p>\n
November 2, 1917: <\/b>British Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur James Balfour issues the Balfour Declaration<\/a> promising support for the establishment of a \u201cnational home for the Jewish people\u201d in Palestine.<\/p>\n December 11, 1917:<\/b> Ottoman army retreats from Palestine before a combined British- and Arab-led force. Upon entering Jerusalem General Edmund Allenby guarantees that the holy places will remain under existing religious custodianship arrangements.<\/p>\n 1921:<\/b> British authorities appoint Hajj Amin Al-Husseini as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. He later becomes president of the Supreme Muslim Council, a body in charge of Islamic religious trusts (awqaf<\/i>).<\/p>\n 1922:<\/b>\u00a0League of Nations ratifies the British Mandate for Palestine<\/a>, which calls for \u201cputting into effect\u201d the Balfour Declaration, and for \u201cpreserving existing rights and of securing free access to the Holy Places, religious buildings and sites, and the free exercise of worship;\u201d Restorations of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque begin.<\/p>\n 1924:<\/b> The Grand Mufti and the Mayor of Jerusalem, Ragheb Basha Al-Nashashibi, pledge allegiance to Emir Sharif Hussein Bin Ali, the ruler of Mecca, as the legal custodian of the holy sites in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n 1928:<\/b> Palestinian Arabs request that the British District Commissioner of Jerusalem enforce the boundaries between Jewish and Muslim worshippers along the Western Wall.<\/p>\n 1929:<\/b> Row over Jewish access to the Western Wall leads to Jewish protests and widespread Arab riots, resulting in two hundred and forty-nine casualties.<\/p>\n 1930:<\/b> British authorities establish the International Commission of the Wailing Wall, which concludes that Muslims are the sole owners and proprietors of the Western Wall and adjacent pavement, which combined are a waqf <\/i>property. The Commission grants Jews full access and devotional rights to the Western Wall but restricts worship.<\/p>\n 1936:<\/b> The Arab Revolt erupts against British rule; British authorities strip Al-Husseini of his positions, and he flees to Lebanon.<\/p>\n 1939:<\/b> The MacDonald White Paper calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state within ten years, and declares that it is no longer British policy that Palestine should become a Jewish state.<\/p>\n July 22, 1946:<\/b> Irgun, a radical Zionist group, bombs the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British colonial administration, killing ninety-one people.<\/p>\n 1947:<\/b> Britain announces plans to withdraw from Palestine the following year. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) recommends the partition of Palestine<\/a> into Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem placed under international trusteeship; the Arabs League rejects the partition plan.<\/p>\n November 29, 1947:<\/b> The General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA) adopts Resolution 181<\/a> reiterating UNSCOP\u2019s recommendations for Palestine\u2019s partition and the international status of Jerusalem as corpus separatum or \u201cseparated body.\u201d<\/p>\n December 1947\u2013June 1948:<\/b> Jewish militias spur Arab exodus from Jerusalem.<\/p>\n May 14, 1948:<\/b> In Jerusalem, David Ben-Gurion, chairman of the Jewish Agency, declares an independent State of Israel; at midnight, the British Mandate over Palestine officially ends. Several hours later, Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria invade Israel.<\/p>\n May 28, 1948:<\/b> Arab forces capture the Old City, destroying synagogues, schools, and homes in the Jewish Quarter, while the Haganah and Israeli forces drive Arabs out of West Jerusalem. Israel\u2019s provisional government declares West Jerusalem a \u201cterritory occupied by the State of Israel.\u201d<\/p>\n June 11, 1948: <\/b>Israel defeats Arab armies and under an armistice agreement signed between Israel and Jordan a year later, Jerusalem is split into a Jordanian-controlled East and an Israeli-controlled West until 1967.<\/p>\n December 11, 1948:<\/b> UNGA Resolution 194<\/a> calls for the cessation of hostilities, the return of Palestinian refugees, and the internationalization as well as demilitarization of Jerusalem to preserve free access to, and protection of, the city\u2019s holy sites.<\/p>\n May 11, 1949:<\/b> Israel becomes a UN member, and reiterates its commitment to internationalize Jerusalem.<\/p>\n September 1949:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0The United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine<\/a> details proposals for an international regime in the Jerusalem area, which would \u201cguarantee each distinctive group the maximum local autonomy.\u201d<\/p>\n December 13, 1949:<\/b> Israel moves its official seat to West Jerusalem.<\/p>\n 1950: <\/b>Jordan annexes the West Bank and East Jerusalem, granting citizenship to their populations.<\/p>\n July 20, 1951:<\/b> Palestinian militants assassinate King Abdullah of Jordan while visiting the Haram Al-Sharif.<\/p>\n 1953:<\/b> The Jordanian cabinet meets in East Jerusalem for the first time, and shortly afterwards, the parliament convenes there. King Hussein of Jordan announces Jerusalem as the second capital of Jordan, upgrading its status from municipality to trusteeship.<\/p>\n 1964:<\/b> The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded at a congress in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n June 5, 1967: <\/b>The Six-Day War breaks out. Israel captures East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan.<\/p>\n June 7, 1967:<\/b> Israeli troops capture the Old City from Jordan and raise the Israeli flag over the Dome of the Rock; Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan claims sovereignty over the Haram Al-Sharif, but grants the Waqf full administrative control; Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol declares that \u201cno harm whatsoever shall come to the places sacred to all religions.\u201d<\/p>\n June 11, 1967: <\/b>Six hundred and fifty inhabitants of the Magharbeh Quarter of the Old City are evicted and their homes demolished to create a plaza in front of the Western Wall. Two historic mosques are destroyed.<\/p>\n June 27, 1967:<\/b> The Knesset expands the municipality boundaries of Jerusalem to include East Jerusalem and surrounding Arab townships and villages; the Jordanian Waqf retains responsibility of administering Jerusalem\u2019s Muslim holy sites; Knesset passes the Protection of Holy Places Law<\/a> protecting the freedom of access and prohibiting any form of desecration to the holy places.<\/p>\n July 1967:<\/strong>\u00a0At the fifth UNGA special session, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Goldberg\u00a0outlines<\/a> his government\u2019s position on Jerusalem that includes the recognition of the interests of Muslims, Christians, and Jews, and remarks that no unilateral action will be taken on the status of Jerusalem without consultation with religious leaders of all faiths and concerned parties.\u00a0 The Special Session adopts\u00a0Resolutions 2253 and 2254<\/a>, which consider that measures taken by Israel to change the status of the city of Jerusalem are invalid.<\/p>\n August 1967: <\/b>Israeli army chaplain Rabbi Shlomo Goren holds a prayer service with fifty Jews at Al-Aqsa Mosque, leading to a skirmish with Palestinian guards; a ministerial committee upholds the government decision to bar Jewish worshippers from entering the Temple Mount, and the Israeli Chief Rabbinate restates religious ban on visiting and praying on the site;Israel designates the Old City of Jerusalem, including the Haram Al-Sharif\/Temple Mount and the Western Wall, as antiquities, thus prohibiting construction and demolitions without authorization from Israeli authorities.<\/p>\n November 22, 1967: <\/b>The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) unanimously adopts Resolution 242<\/a> calling for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the latest war.<\/p>\n May 1968:<\/b>\u00a0The Security Council adopts\u00a0Resolution 252\u00a0<\/a>stating that all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, including expropriation of land and properties, are invalid and cannot change its status.<\/p>\n 1969:<\/b> Israel conducts archeological excavations under and around the Haram Al-Sharif\/Temple Mount, sparking anger across the Muslim world.<\/p>\n July 1969:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0U.S. Ambassador to the Unites Nations Charles Woodruff Yost\u00a0tells the Security Council<\/a> that Jerusalem occupies \u201ca unique international standing and that\u00a0no action should be taken there without full regard to\u00a0Jerusalem\u2019s special history and special place in the world\u00a0community.\u201d<\/p>\n August 1969:<\/b> Australian tourist Denis Michael Rohan attempts to set fire to Al-Aqsa Mosque.<\/p>\n September 1969: <\/b>In response to the arson attempt, leaders from twenty-four Muslim-majority countries form the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) to \u201csafeguard the interests of the Muslim world.\u201d<\/p>\n 1970:<\/b> Israel intensifies property confiscation and archaeological excavations funded by settlers, leading to the digging of thirteen tunnels under and around the Haram Al-Sharif.<\/p>\n October 6, 1973:<\/b> Syrian and Egyptian forces launch a surprise attack on Israel, beginning the October War, or Yom Kippur War.<\/p>\n 1974:<\/b> Arab League designates the PLO as the \u201csole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people;\u201d UNGA adopts Resolution 3236<\/a> recognizing the Palestinians\u2019 right to self-determination and calling for Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories, including those in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n 1976:<\/b> Jerusalem\u2019s magistrate court acquits eight Jewish youths charged with praying at the Temple Mount; demonstrations and riots occur in East Jerusalem and the West Bank for two weeks until the Jerusalem District Court overturns the decision.<\/p>\n March 25, 1979:<\/b> Rumors that a group of Israelis were planning to pray at the Temple Mount sparks a general West Bank strike and mass protests.<\/p>\n 1980:<\/b> The European Economic Community adopts the \u201cVenice Declaration<\/a>\u201d stating it \u201cwill not accept any unilateral initiative designed to change the status of Jerusalem;\u201d the Knesset adopts the Basic Law<\/a> declaring Jerusalem as the \u201ceternal and undivided\u201d capital of Israel; the UNSC adopts Resolution 478<\/a> rejecting Israel\u2019s claims to East Jerusalem as \u201cnull and void.\u201d<\/p>\n 1981: <\/b>UNESCO adds the Old City to the World Heritage List.<\/p>\n 1982:<\/b> UNESCO adds the Old City to the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger; an Israeli soldier opens fire at the Dome of the Rock, killing two and wounding at least nine, and setting off riots in Jerusalem and the West Bank; Israeli forces invade Lebanon.<\/p>\n 1983:<\/b> Main entrance to the Department of Islamic Waqf in Jerusalem collapses, exposing extensive Israeli excavations under the Muslim Quarter.<\/p>\n 1987: <\/b>The First Intifada breaks out and lasts until 1990.<\/p>\n July 31, 1988:<\/b> Jordan severs its legal and administrative ties to the West Bank, but East Jerusalem is explicitly excluded; PLO adopts the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and accepts Resolution 181.<\/p>\n November 15, 1988:<\/b> PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat declares the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital.<\/p>\n 1990:<\/b> The Temple Mount Faithful, a Jewish orthodox movement, attempts to lay a cornerstone for a new Jewish temple on the Temple Mount, sparking protests and riots that leave twenty-two Palestinians dead.<\/p>\n 1993: <\/b>Arafat and Israeli Labor Party Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin sign the Oslo Accord<\/a>, providing for interim self-government arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza, and a framework of negotiations on the final status of Jerusalem within five years.<\/p>\n 1994:<\/b> The Palestinian Authority creates the Ministry of Religious Affairs to govern the Muslim waqf<\/i>s; Israel and Jordan sign the Wadi Araba agreement recognizing Jordan\u2019s \u201chistoric role\u201d as custodian of Jerusalem\u2019s Muslim holy places.<\/p>\n 1995:<\/b> In a speech to the Knesset, Prime Minister Rabin says that a united \u201cJerusalem is not subject for compromise\u201d and will forever remain under Israeli control; U.S. Congress adopts the Jerusalem Embassy Act<\/a>, ordering the American Embassy in Israel to be moved to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv by May 31, 1999. President Bill Clinton waives this requirement in June 1999 and subsequent American presidents continue to do the same; Rabin is assassinated by an Orthodox Jewish student.<\/p>\n 1996:<\/b> Israel opens a tunnel that runs underground along the Western Wall, sparking riots that leave three Palestinians dead in the Old City. In response, the Waqf freezes coordination with the Israel Antiquities Authority; the Jordanian Waqf begins the unauthorized construction of a mosque in an area underground the Haram Al-Sharif known as Solomon\u2019s Stables; the opening of Netanyahu Tunnel or Bab Al-Qataneen tunnel to the public in 1996 ignites what is known as the \u201cTunnels Revolt,\u201d which results in the death of more than seventy-five Palestinians and sixteen Israelis; Israel opens a second exit to the Hasmonean tunnel running along the Western Wall plaza, triggering riots.<\/p>\n September 28, 2000:<\/b> Israeli Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, sparking mass demonstrations and the Second Intifada, which continues for five years and leaves approximately three thousand Palestinians and one thousand Israelis dead.<\/p>\n November 3, 2000:<\/b> Israeli forces ban Palestinians under the age of 45 from entering the Haram Al-Sharif, later easing access restrictions to certain groups.<\/p>\n November 14, 2000:<\/b> Israel\u2019s mayor of Jerusalem, Ehud Olmert, announces construction of settlements will be resumed in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n November 23, 2000:<\/b> Dozens of employees from the Islamic Waqf conduct a sit-in protest in the Al-Aqsa area, and make demands to allow Muslim worshippers access during Ramadan to which Israeli authorities comply.<\/p>\n December 7, 2000: <\/b>Over one hundred American rabbis issue a statement saying there is no religious text requiring exclusive Jewish sovereignty over the Temple Mount.<\/p>\n December 23, 2000: <\/b>President Clinton issues parameters<\/a> for a peace settlement between the Israelis and Palestinians, outlining a position on Jerusalem that would divide the city between the Palestinian and Jewish communities according to demographics. Both parties accept the parameters with reservations.<\/p>\n January 27, 2001: <\/b>The Taba talks conclude without reaching a final settlement but both sides agree to return to the pre-1967 borders, and discuss a \u201cHoly Basin\u201d in Jerusalem with distinct international status.<\/p>\n 2002: <\/b>Arab League adopts the Arab Peace Initiative<\/a> calling for peace between all Arab countries and Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to pre-1967 borders and a Palestinian state in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n 2003:<\/b> A Hamas suicide bomber dressed as an Orthodox Jew blows himself up on a bus in central Jerusalem, killing sixteen; the Middle East Quartet issues a Road Map to Peace<\/a> that would establish a Palestinian state by 2005 on the condition that Israel return to the pre-1967 borders, enforce a settlement freeze, and reach a final settlement on Jerusalem; Israel re-opens the Magharbeh Gate, the entrance to the Haram Al-Sharif\/Temple Mount, and permits access to non-Muslims.<\/p>\n 2007: <\/b>Palestinians and Israelis agree to implement the roadmap for peace at the Annapolis Conference in Maryland, based on the Clinton Parameters, including the territorial division of Jerusalem and the international supervision of its holy sites.<\/p>\n 2009:<\/b> Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat introduces a Master Plan, codifying development plans for West and East Jerusalem as a single municipality until 2020; a rightwing Jewish conference calls for the construction of the \u201cThird Temple\u201d to become a third Jewish holy site in Jerusalem; Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announces a ten-month settlement freeze, excluding East Jerusalem and existing construction in the West Bank.<\/p>\n 2010: <\/b>United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemns Israeli plans of construction of 1,600 new homes in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n 2011:<\/b> In response to Israel\u2019s settlement drive in the West Bank, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas submits a letter to the UNSC requesting the recognition of Palestine as an independent state.<\/p>\n 2012: <\/b>The UNGA votes to recognize Palestine as a non-member observer state; in following remarks, Abbas refers to Jerusalem as the \u201ceternal capital of the state of Palestine.\u201d<\/p>\n 2013:<\/b> King Abdullah II of Jordan and Abbas sign an agreement reiterating Jordan\u2019s role as defender and custodian of the Muslim sites in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n October 2014:<\/b> Palestinians ask the UNSC to set a deadline of November 2016 for Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank and East Jerusalem; following an assassination attempt on rightwing rabbi Yehuda Glick, Israeli forces close the Haram Al-Sharif.<\/p>\n November 2014:<\/b> Two Palestinians attack a synagogue in West Jerusalem, killing four Israelis and a policeman, and sparking clashes across Jerusalem that result in the injury of nearly eight hundred Palestinians; Israeli forces briefly enter Al-Aqsa Mosque while chasing Palestinian protestors; Jordan recalls its ambassador from Tel Aviv in protest while Prime Minister Netanyahu pledges not to alter the status quo.<\/p>\n December 19, 2014:<\/b>\u00a0 Nearly sixty thousand Palestinians pray at the Haram Al-Sharif and then march through the Old City in protest of Israeli policies.<\/p>\n May 2015:<\/b> Approximately thirty thousand Jews parade through the Old City celebrating Jerusalem Day, Israel\u2019s victory in the 1967 War; Prime Minister Netanyahu pledges never to let the city be divided.<\/p>\n September 2015<\/b>: Israeli police ban two grassroots Palestinian groups from making visits to the Haram Al-Sharif; Israeli forces clash with Palestinians taking sanctuary in Al-Aqsa Mosque to circumvent Israeli restrictions to access, leaving one hundred and ten Palestinians injured; six-hundred and fifty Jewish activists tour the holy site on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, and a wave of knife attacks, carried out by Palestinians in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, begins.<\/p>\n October 2015:<\/b> Violent confrontations and attacks between Palestinians, Israeli settlers, and security forces escalate with numerous stabbing attacks and shootings, causing Israeli authorities to issue a 48-hour ban on Palestinians entering the Old City and install metal detectors at checkpoints; the Palestinian Red Cross reports that through the month of October Israeli forces shot and wounded about 2,617 Palestinians with live and rubber-coated steel bullets; the IDF records seventy-five attacks against Israelis and eight hundred and seventeen instances of protest.<\/p>\n October 24, 2015:<\/b> Jordan and Israel agree that surveillance cameras be installed around the Haram Al-Sharif; Netanyahu issues a statement reiterating Israel\u2019s commitment for maintaining the status quo of worship.<\/p>\n November 2015:<\/b> Prime Minister Netanyahu approves the resumption of settlement building in East Jerusalem after a two-year freeze; Israel\u2019s Chief of Police imposes a formal ban on visits to Temple Mount by Israeli lawmakers.<\/p>\n February 2016:<\/b> The Middle East Quartet reiterates its concern that Israel\u2019s continued expansion of settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem is \u201cimperiling the viability of the two-state solution.\u201d Its report finds that Israel built more than three thousand homes between 2009 and 2014 for 200,000 settlers living in East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n March 2016:<\/b> Israel\u2019s security cabinet approves a proposal to resume construction of a \u201csecurity fence\u201d separating Jerusalem from the West Bank.<\/p>\n May 2016:<\/b> The Jerusalem municipality orders the Islamic Waqf to halt construction on bathrooms in the northern section of the Haram Al-Sharif.<\/p>\n June 10, 2016:<\/b> After an attack in Tel Aviv that left four Israelis dead, Israeli authorities bar Palestinian men under the age of 45 from visiting the Haram Al-Sharif, temporarily freeze the entry permits of more than eighty three thousand Palestinians, and suspend Gazans\u2019 weekly trips to East Jerusalem for the day.<\/p>\n June 26, 2016:<\/b> Israel\u2019s Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan permits Jews and non-Muslims to visit the Haram Al-Sharif during the last ten days of Ramadan, sparking three days of clashes that leave fourteen Palestinians and one Israeli police officer injured.<\/p>\n June 27, 2016:<\/b> Following an attack against Jewish visitors touring the Haram al-Sharif\/Temple Mount, Israeli forces raid the site, leaving at least twenty-nine Muslim worshippers injured; as clashes ensue, Israeli police close the site to non-Muslims.<\/p>\n July 3, 2016: <\/b>The Israeli government approves plans for about eight hundred new housing units in East Jerusalem and a West Bank settlement.<\/p>\n August 4, 2016: <\/b>Israeli authorities arrest several Islamic Waqf employees for planning maintenance work at the Haram Al-Sharif without permission from the Israel Antiquities Authority.<\/p>\n January 15, 2017:<\/b> French Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development Jean-Marc Ayrault hosts an international conference in Paris in an attempt to jumpstart peace talks.<\/p>\n July 14, 2017: <\/b>Three Arab Israelis open fire near the exit of the Haram Al-Sharif, killing two police officers; Israel closes the site, preventing Muslim worshippers from attending Friday prayers for the first time in seventeen years.<\/p>\n July 15, 2017:<\/b> Prime Minister Netanyahu announces that the Haram Al-Sharif\/Temple Mount complex will reopen the next day following the installation of metal detectors and security cameras.<\/p>\n July 16, 2017:<\/b> Muslim worshippers refuse to enter the Haram Al-Sharif complex in protest of the new security measures, and prayers are held in the streets outside; clashes ensue from July 16\u201320.<\/p>\n July 21, 2017:<\/b> Israeli police close off the Old City to men under 50, and mass protest prayers and demonstrations are held throughout the Old City and the West Bank, leading to clashes in which three Palestinians are killed; Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas freezes all contact with Israelis until security measures are reversed.<\/p>\n July 22, 2017:<\/b> Sweden, France, and Egypt request an urgent meeting of the UNSC to discuss the crisis in Jerusalem while more clashes result in the death of two Palestinians.<\/p>\n July 25, 2017:<\/b> Israeli officials remove metal detectors from entrances to the Haram Al-Sharif, replacing them with CCTV cameras.<\/p>\n July 27, 2017:<\/b> Clashes break out as thousands of worshippers enter the complex following the removal of recent Israeli security measures.<\/p>\n July 28, 2017:<\/b> Palestinians return to Friday prayers at the Haram Al-Sharif.<\/p>\n December 3, 2017: <\/strong>PLO Secretary-General Saeb Erekat<\/a> warns that if the United States recognizes Israel, it would only \u201cpromote international anarchy and disrespect for global institutions and law.\u201d<\/p>\n December 6, 2017: <\/strong>President Donald Trump officially recognizes<\/a> Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and orders the transfer of the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to the holy city; in a televised speech, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas says that Trump\u2019s decision violates international law and undermines the United States\u2019s historic role as a broker of peace between Palestinians and Israelis, reiterating that Jerusalem remains \u201cthe eternal capital of the state of Palestine<\/a>;\u201d United Nations Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres\u00a0remarks<\/a> that \u201cJerusalem is a final status issue that must be resolved through direct negotiations.\u201d<\/p>\n Protests break out in Gaza, Jordan, Turkey, and several West Bank cities; Palestinian officials call for a three-day general strike; the Arab League decides to hold emergency meeting on Saturday.<\/p>\n December 7, 2017: <\/strong>The United Nations Security Council\u00a0calls for an urgent meeting on Jerusalem; the Palestinian Prisoners\u2019 Society reports that Israeli forces detained at least thirty-six Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem as planned rallies ensue.<\/p>\n December 9, 2017<\/strong>: After holding an extraordinary session<\/a>, the Council of the League of Arab States rejects and denounces the U.S. decision to recognize Jerusalem as capital of Israel and to move its embassy to Jerusalem; demands that the U.S. reverse its decision on Jerusalem, and seeks, alongside the international community, to force Israel to implement past UN resolutions; urges all the countries to recognize the Palestinian state along the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital; and decides to seek a Security Council resolution confirming that the U.S. decision to recognize Jerusalem as capital of Israel is \u201cnot in line with the international legitimacy resolutions and possesses no legal effect.\u201d<\/p>\n December 10, 2017:<\/strong> Protests in Beirut over Jerusalem lead to clashes with security forces; ten thousand people hold a large rally in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta.<\/p>\n December 18, 2017:<\/b> In a 14\u20131 vote, the United States vetoes a\u00a0draft UNSC resolution<\/a>, tabled by Egypt,\u00a0affirming that any decisions and actions which alter the character, status or demographic composition of Jerusalem have no legal effect, and must be rescinded, and also calling upon all states to refrain from establishing diplomatic missions in the city; the U.S. Permanent\u00a0Representative\u00a0to the UN, Nikki Haley,\u00a0calls the resolution<\/a>\u00a0an \u201cinsult\u201d and says that \u201cfor the simple act of deciding where to put our embassy, the United States was forced to defend its sovereignty,\u201d adding that her country will not be told where to put its embassy.<\/p>\n December 21, 2017:<\/strong> One hundred and twenty eight countries vote<\/a> in an emergency special session of UNGA to affirm that any decisions and actions that could alter the character, status, or demographic composition of Jerusalem have no legal effect, are null and void, and must be rescinded. They also called on all states to refrain from establishing diplomatic missions in the city and demanded that they comply with previous Security Council resolutions on Jerusalem, and not recognize any actions or measures contrary to those resolutions.<\/p>\n February 1, 2018<\/strong>: The Council of the League of Arab States decided in its session in Cairo to welcome the UNGA resolution dated December 21, 2017; to reiterate their rejection of any decision that recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of the occupying state of Israel and to support the decisions of President Abbas in this regard; to affirm their adherence to peace as a strategic option; to affirm the Palestinian people\u2019s right to practice all forms of resistance against occupation according to the provisions of international law; to work with international actors to establish an international multi-lateral mechanism under the umbrella of the United Nations to foster the peace process; to adopt and support the Palestinian state\u2019s bid to gain full membership in the United Nations; and to work directly with the nation states that have not yet recognized Palestine through bilateral and multilateral visits and talks to push them to recognize the state of Palestine.<\/p>\n February 20, 2018:<\/strong> In an address to the United Nations Security Council<\/a>, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas\u00a0outlines a peace plan<\/a>\u00a0calling for the convening of an international peace conference by mid-2018 that would result in the State of Palestine\u2019s recognition as a full member of the United Nations, mutual recognition of Israeli and Palestinian statehood based on the 1967 borders and the formation of an \u201cmultilateral international mechanism\u201d to assist in negotiations to resolve the permanent status issues as defined in the 1993 Oslo Accords. The plan would require all parties to refrain from unilateral actions during the negotiation period and the implementation of the Arab Peace Initiative, which recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine. President Abbas also demanded that the United States reverse its decision to transfer its embassy to Jerusalem.<\/p>\n February 23, 2018: <\/strong>The U.S. State Department\u00a0announces<\/a>\u00a0plans to open a new US embassy in Jerusalem in time to mark the seventieth\u00a0anniversary of the creation of the State of Israel on\u00a0May 14<\/span>. Saeb Erekat, Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the PLO,\u00a0denounces<\/a>\u00a0the decision, calling it a violation of international law and a provocation of the \u201cfeelings of the Palestinian people, as well as of all Arabs, Muslims, and Christians around the globe.\u201d He says the move, which coincides with the anniversary of the\u00a0Nakba<\/em>\u00a0of the Palestinian people, \u201cdestroy[s] the two-state solution\u201d and as such, disqualifies the U.S. as a broker of peace between Israelis and Palestinians.<\/p>\n May 14, 2018:\u00a0<\/strong>On the seventieth anniversary of the establishment of the state of Israel, the United States formerly relocates its embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv.\u00a0On the same day, at least sixty Palestinians\u2014including six children\u2014are killed and over 1,300 are wounded after Israeli military forces fired live ammunition, rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters gathering along the border fence. Hundreds joined with the 35,000 Gazans in the West Bank cities of Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Hebron, Jericho, Nablus and Ramallah.<\/p>\n In a dedication ceremony, Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan\u00a0calls<\/a>\u00a0the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem \u201ca magnificent tribute to peace.\u201d Erekat\u00a0stresses<\/a>\u00a0that by recognizing Jerusalem as Israel\u2019s capital and by moving its embassy to Jerusalem, the U.S administration is \u201cencouraging Israel\u2019s occupation and its colonial settlement enterprise, as well as its continued violations of the national and human rights of the people of Palestine.\u201d<\/p>\n May 15, 2018:\u00a0<\/strong>On the seventieth anniversary of the Nakba<\/em>, Palestinians observe a general strike in protest of the United States\u2019s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel\u2019s capital and the official opening of its embassy there, as well as, the violence that took place in Gaza the previous day.<\/p>\n In an emergency meeting, the Security Council fails to adopt a draft resolution introduced by Kuwait calling for a full investigation into the violence in Gaza. During the debate, U.S. Ambassador Nikki Haley\u00a0says<\/a>\u00a0the U.S. embassy move to Jerusalem recognizes \u201cthe reality\u201d that it has served as Israel\u2019s capital since the founding of the Israeli state and because of this, \u201cthere is no plausible peace agreement under which Jerusalem would no longer remain the capital.\u201d<\/p>\n May 16, 2018: \u00a0<\/strong>Erekat\u00a0denounces<\/a>\u00a0Guatemala\u2019s decision to relocate its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and calls it \u201ca\u00a0\u00a0hostile step against the Palestinian people and the Arab World.\u201d<\/p>\n