{"id":7872,"date":"2019-08-08T22:42:49","date_gmt":"2019-08-09T05:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=7872"},"modified":"2019-08-12T05:09:44","modified_gmt":"2019-08-12T12:09:44","slug":"issue-of-the-week-53","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=7872","title":{"rendered":"Issue of the Week: Hunger, Environment, Population, Economic Opportunity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7880\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-jumbo-1-294x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-jumbo-1-294x300.jpeg 294w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-jumbo-1-147x150.jpeg 147w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-jumbo-1.jpeg 669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>The Food Supply Is At Dire Risk, U.N. Experts Say<\/em>, The New York Times, August 8, 2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The top of the front page in The New York Times today had a headline not often seen as a primary headline in the media, as we&#8217;ve noted.<\/p>\n<p><em>The Food Supply Is At Dire Risk, U.N. Experts Say.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In the US, it was close to the top of the news on The CBS Evening News and was the lead on the PBS NewsHour. NBC and ABC didn&#8217;t cover it at all&#8211;sadly, more the norm.<\/p>\n<p>The BBC, Agence France-Presse and others in Europe and globally have been covering it for days&#8211;and yet in other quarters, not.<\/p>\n<p>The fact that it got as much coverage as it did in the US, and was the headline in the Times, is a wake-up call for how urgent and inter-related the issues of hunger, environment, population, disease&#8211;and ultimately economic inequality, are.<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ve covered these issues for decades and recently numerous times&#8211;including this year on <a href=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=5898\">January 16<\/a> when the issue was covered in the media, and most recently on <a href=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=7694\">July 15<\/a>, when a similar UN report was released to virtually no media coverage.<\/p>\n<p>The report released today, the\u00a0Special Report on Climate Change and Land by\u00a0the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is getting more attention.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s the start of the Times article:<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>The world\u2019s land and water resources are being exploited at \u201cunprecedented rates,\u201d a new United Nations report warns, which combined with climate change is putting dire pressure on the ability of humanity to feed itself.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>The report, prepared by more than 100 experts from 52 countries and released in summary form in Geneva on Thursday, found that the window to address the threat is closing rapidly. A half-billion people already live in places turning into desert, and soil is being lost between 10 and 100 times faster than it is forming, according to the report.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>Climate change will make those threats even worse, as floods, drought, storms and other types of extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply. Already, more than 10 percent of the world\u2019s population remains undernourished, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>A particular danger is that food crises could develop on several continents at once, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and one of the lead authors of <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/srccl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the report<\/a>. \u201cThe potential risk of multi-breadbasket failure is increasing,\u201d she said. \u201cAll of these things are happening at the same time.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">All of these things are happening at the same time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">All of these things are happening at the same time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">All of these things are happening at the same time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">That&#8217;s been our theme song for a long time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">An important note. The Times article refers to over ten percent of the world undernourished. That&#8217;s actually the figure for the severely hungry. It&#8217;s at least a couple of billion undernourished or malnourished, more food insecure to varying degrees&#8211;and as pointed out before, these are conservative numbers. And as can never be underlined enough, children suffer most.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Then there&#8217;s this:<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>They also call for shifts in consumer behavior, noting that at least one-quarter of all food worldwide is wasted.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Sound familiar?<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">And then, toward the end of the article:<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><em>The report also calls for institutional changes, including better access to credit for farmers in developing countries and stronger property rights.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">This means economic assets, mainly land and financial, and therefore power, transferred from the haves to the have nots.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">This is a nice way of saying the politically challenging in the context of a report on consequences by the global organization of purported international rules and governance in which the grinding of various national and other interests of power occur&#8211;that without equality, forget the rest.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">And if nothing changes, nothing changes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">We&#8217;ll be back to this linchpin issue, as usual.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">But for now, we focus on the issues of consequences that should focus our attention like an imminent hanging, to paraphrase a famous observation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">And we do so by focusing on the headline article in The Times, which also links to the report itself:<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/climate-change-food-supply.html\"><em>The Food Supply Is At Dire Risk, U.N. Experts Say<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">By\u00a0Christopher Flavelle, August 8, 2019, The New York Times<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-11cwn6f\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND7\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND7\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND7\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND7\/merlin_157021473_e706d6f8-57b3-45f5-ab87-51391a876537-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"Cattle grazing outside Sokoto, Nigeria, where large-scale farming is in conflict with local communities.\u00a0\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"sizeLarge layoutHorizontal css-1ox9jel\"><figcaption class=\"css-17ai7jg emkp2hg0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">Cattle grazing outside Sokoto, Nigeria, where large-scale farming is in conflict with local communities.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"emkp2hg2 css-1nwzsjy e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span><span class=\"css-1dv1kvn\">Credit<\/span>Luis Tato\/Agence France-Presse \u2014 Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The world\u2019s land and water resources are being exploited at \u201cunprecedented rates,\u201d a new United Nations report warns, which combined with climate change is putting dire pressure on the ability of humanity to feed itself.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The report, prepared by more than 100 experts from 52 countries and released in summary form in Geneva on Thursday, found that the window to address the threat is closing rapidly. A half-billion people already live in places turning into desert, and soil is being lost between 10 and 100 times faster than it is forming, according to the report.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Climate change will make those threats even worse, as floods, drought, storms and other types of extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply. Already, more than 10 percent of the world\u2019s population remains undernourished, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">A particular danger is that food crises could develop on several continents at once, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and one of the lead authors of <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/srccl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the report<\/a>. \u201cThe potential risk of multi-breadbasket failure is increasing,\u201d she said. \u201cAll of these things are happening at the same time.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-o6xoe7\">\n<div class=\"css-ke163a\" data-testid=\"article-companion-wrapper\">\n<div id=\"newsletter-module\" class=\"css-48vsi0\">\n<div class=\"css-1k9ek97\">\n<div class=\"css-tjpxhb\">\n<div class=\"css-sefkcv\">\n<div id=\"story-ad-1-wrapper\" class=\"css-2ninbb\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The report also offered a measure of hope, laying out pathways to addressing the looming food crisis, though they would require a major re-evaluation of land use and agriculture worldwide as well as consumer behavior. Proposals include increasing the productivity of land, wasting less food and persuading more people to shift their diets away from cattle and other types of meat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">\u201cOne of the important findings of our work is that there are a lot of actions that we can take now. They\u2019re available to us,\u201d Dr.Rosenzweig said. \u201cBut what some of these solutions do require is attention, financial support, enabling environments.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The summary was released Thursday by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an international group of scientists convened by the United Nations that pulls together a wide range of existing research to help governments understand climate change and make policy decisions. The I.P.C.C. is writing a series of climate reports, including one last year on the disastrous consequences if the planet\u2019s temperature <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rises just 1.5 degrees Celsius<\/a> above its preindustrial levels, as well as an <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/srocc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">upcoming report on the state of the world\u2019s oceans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Some authors also suggested that food shortages are likely to affect poorer parts of the world far more than richer ones. That could increase a flow of immigration that is already redefining politics in North America, Europe and other parts of the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">\u201cPeople\u2019s lives will be affected by a massive pressure for migration,\u201d said Pete Smith, a professor of plant and soil science at the University of Aberdeen and one of the report\u2019s lead authors. \u201cPeople don\u2019t stay and die where they are. People migrate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Between 2010 and 2015 the number of migrants from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras showing up at the United States\u2019 border with Mexico increased fivefold, coinciding with a dry period that left many with not enough food and was so unusual that scientists suggested it bears the <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/04\/13\/world\/americas\/coffee-climate-change-migration.html?module=inline\">signal of climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1m50asq\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2\/08CLI-IPCCLAND2-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"Winnowing wheat at a grain market in Amritsar, India.\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\"><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">Winnowing wheat at a grain market in Amritsar, India.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>Raminder Pal Singh\/EPA, via Shutterstock<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\">\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1h6w7uo e1t57l6r0\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND3\/merlin_156228342_af61fbc8-e473-4583-b6f5-15dbdb07acc6-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND3\/merlin_156228342_af61fbc8-e473-4583-b6f5-15dbdb07acc6-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND3\/merlin_156228342_af61fbc8-e473-4583-b6f5-15dbdb07acc6-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND3\/merlin_156228342_af61fbc8-e473-4583-b6f5-15dbdb07acc6-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"Harvesting in Xinjiang, northwest China.\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\"><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">Harvesting in Xinjiang, northwest China.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>China Daily\/Reuters<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Barring action on a sweeping scale, the report said, climate change will accelerate the danger of severe food shortages. As a warming atmosphere intensifies the world\u2019s droughts, flooding, heat waves, wildfires and other weather patterns, it is speeding up the rate of soil loss and land degradation, the report concludes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere \u2014 a greenhouse gas put there mainly by the burning of fossil fuels \u2014 will also reduce food\u2019s nutritional quality, even as rising temperatures cut crop yields and harm livestock.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Those changes threaten to exceed the ability of the agriculture industry to adapt.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">In some cases, the report says, a changing climate is boosting food production because, for example, warmer temperatures will mean greater yields of some crops at higher latitudes. But on the whole, the report finds that climate change is already hurting the availability of food because of decreased yields and lost land from erosion, desertification and rising seas, among other things.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Overall if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise, so will food costs, according to the report, affecting people around the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">\u201cYou\u2019re sort of reaching a breaking point with land itself and its ability to grow food and sustain us,\u201d said Aditi Sen, a senior policy adviser on climate change at <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfamamerica.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oxfam America<\/a>, an antipoverty advocacy organization.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">In addition, the researchers said, even as climate change makes agriculture more difficult, agriculture itself is also exacerbating climate change.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The report said that activities such as draining wetlands \u2014 as has happened in Indonesia and Malaysia to create palm oil plantations, for example \u2014 is particularly damaging. When drained, peatlands, which store between 530 and 694 billion tons of carbon dioxide globally, release that carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas, trapping the sun\u2019s heat and warming the planet. Every 2.5 acres of peatlands release the carbon dioxide equivalent of burning 6,000 gallons of gasoline.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">And the emission of carbon dioxide continues long after the peatlands are drained. Of the five gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions that are released each year from deforestation and other land-use changes, \u201cOne gigaton comes from the ongoing degradation of peatlands that are already drained,\u201d said Tim Searchinger, a senior fellow at the <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Resources Institute<\/a>, an environmental think tank, who is familiar with the report. (By comparison, the fossil fuel industry emitted about 37 gigatons of carbon dioxide last year, according to the institute.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1h6w7uo e1t57l6r0\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND4\/merlin_142690071_a8d7ac41-fc5c-4f36-969e-104a7b3b6b76-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND4\/merlin_142690071_a8d7ac41-fc5c-4f36-969e-104a7b3b6b76-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND4\/merlin_142690071_a8d7ac41-fc5c-4f36-969e-104a7b3b6b76-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND4\/merlin_142690071_a8d7ac41-fc5c-4f36-969e-104a7b3b6b76-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"An ethanol refinery in Tianjin, China.\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">An ethanol refinery in Tianjin, China.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>China Stringer Network\/Reuters<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\">\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1h6w7uo e1t57l6r0\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8\/08CLI-IPCCLAND8-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"A cattle market in Lagos, Nigeria.\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\"><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">A cattle market in Lagos, Nigeria.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>Florian Plaucheur\/Agence France-Presse \u2014 Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Similarly, cattle are significant producers of methane, another powerful greenhouse gas, and an increase in global demand for beef and other meats has fueled their numbers and increased deforestation in critical forest systems like the Amazon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Since 1961 methane emissions from ruminant livestock, which includes cows as well as sheep, buffalo and goats, have significantly increased, according to the report. And each year, the amount of forested land that is cleared \u2014 much of that propelled by demand for pasture land for cattle \u2014 releases the emissions equivalent of driving 600 million cars.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Overall, the report says there is still time to address the threats by making the food system more efficient. The authors urge changes in how food is produced and distributed, including better soil management, crop diversification and fewer restrictions on trade. They also call for shifts in consumer behavior, noting that at least one-quarter of all food worldwide is wasted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">But protecting the food supply and cutting greenhouse emissions can also come into conflict with each other, forcing hard choices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">For instance, the widespread use of strategies such as bioenergy \u2014 like growing corn to produce ethanol \u2014 could lead to the creation of new deserts or other land degradation, the authors said. The same is true for planting large numbers of trees (something often cited as a powerful strategy to pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere), which can push crops and livestock onto less productive land.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Planting as many trees as possible would reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by about nine gigatons each year, according to Pamela McElwee, a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University and one of the report\u2019s lead authors. But it would also increase food prices as much as 80 percent by 2050.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">\u201cWe cannot plant trees to get ourselves out of the problem that we\u2019re in,\u201d Dr. McElwee said. \u201cThe trade-offs that would keep us below 1.5 degrees, we\u2019re not talking about them. We\u2019re not ready to confront them yet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1h6w7uo e1t57l6r0\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND6\/merlin_158327751_10c9edde-eeb4-4dcc-8d7c-bdba478cf16a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND6\/merlin_158327751_10c9edde-eeb4-4dcc-8d7c-bdba478cf16a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND6\/merlin_158327751_10c9edde-eeb4-4dcc-8d7c-bdba478cf16a-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND6\/merlin_158327751_10c9edde-eeb4-4dcc-8d7c-bdba478cf16a-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"Rice cultivation outside Prayagraj, India.\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">Rice cultivation outside Prayagraj, India.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>Rajesh Kumar Singh\/Associated Press<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1h6w7uo e1t57l6r0\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND5\/merlin_152492892_1ba75641-22a2-4689-8206-530e3e67296b-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND5\/merlin_152492892_1ba75641-22a2-4689-8206-530e3e67296b-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 600w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND5\/merlin_152492892_1ba75641-22a2-4689-8206-530e3e67296b-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 1024w, https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2019\/08\/08\/climate\/08CLI-IPCCLAND5\/merlin_152492892_1ba75641-22a2-4689-8206-530e3e67296b-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" alt=\"Flooded farms near Craig, Mo.\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 e1xdpqjp0\"><span class=\"css-8i9d0s e13ogyst0\">Flooded farms near Craig, Mo.<\/span><span class=\"css-vuqh7u e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit<\/span>Scott Olson\/Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Preventing global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius is likely to require both the widespread planting of trees as well as \u201csubstantial\u201d bioenergy to help reduce the use of fossil fuels, the report finds. And if temperatures increase more than that, the pressure on food production will increase as well, creating a vicious circle.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">\u201cAbove 2 degrees of global warming there could be an increase of 100 million or more of the population at risk of hunger,\u201d Edouard Davin, a researcher at ETH Zurich and an author of the report, said by email. \u201cWe need to act quickly.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-o6xoe7\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-17y7ayl epkadsg3\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">The report also calls for institutional changes, including better access to credit for farmers in developing countries and stronger property rights. And for the first time, the I.P.C.C. cited indigenous people and their knowledge of land stewardship as resources to be tapped. \u201cAgricultural practices that include indigenous and local knowledge can contribute to overcoming the combined challenges of climate change, food security, biodiversity conservation, and combating desertification and land degradation,\u201d the report\u2019s authors wrote.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">It comes at a time when indigenous people are currently under threat. According to a report released this year by the <a class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/enemies-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nonprofit organization Global Witness<\/a>, which looks at the links between conflicts and environmental resources, an average of three people were killed per week defending their land in 2018, with more than half of them killed in Latin America.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-exrw3m evys1bk0\">Overall, the report said that the longer policymakers wait, the harder it will be to prevent a global crisis. \u201cActing now may avert or reduce risks and losses, and generate benefits to society,\u201d the authors wrote. Waiting to cut emissions, on the other hand, risks \u201cirreversible loss in land ecosystem functions and services required for food, health, habitable settlements and production.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bottom-of-article\">\n<div class=\"css-wg1cha\">\n<div class=\"css-19hdyf3 e1e7j8ap0\">\n<div>\n<p><em>Christopher Flavelle covers climate adaptation, focusing on how people, governments and businesses respond to the effects of global warming.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>. . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Food Supply Is At Dire Risk, U.N. Experts Say, The New York Times, August 8, 2019 &nbsp; The top of the front page in The New York Times today had a headline not often seen as a primary headline in the media, as we&#8217;ve noted. The Food Supply Is At Dire Risk, U.N. Experts [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7872"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7872"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7937,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7872\/revisions\/7937"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7872"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7872"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}