{"id":9010,"date":"2020-01-11T21:42:54","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T05:42:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=9010"},"modified":"2020-01-12T08:18:20","modified_gmt":"2020-01-12T16:18:20","slug":"post5-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/?p=9010","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;The gates of hell: Auschwitz 75 years on&#8221;, The Observer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>by Harriet Sherwood, Observer Speical Report, London, Sun 12 Jan 2020<\/p>\n<p><em>The Nazi death camp where more than one million people perished was liberated on 27 January 1945. As one survivor, now aged 90, prepares to commemorate the date, she explains why the Holocaust must never be forgotten \u2026 especially in an age of rising antisemitism and nationalism<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Renee Salt had just turned 15 when she arrived at the gates of hell. Her journey with her parents to Auschwitz, the Nazi death camp near Krak\u00f3w in Poland, was by cattle truck, wedged in with hundreds of other Jews, no food, water or air for 24 hours. On arrival, the men were separated from women and children; Renee, who was born in <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/poland\" data-link-name=\"auto-linked-tag\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Poland<\/a>, never saw her father again.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-9021\" src=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12-300x180.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12-150x90.png 150w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12-1024x614.png 1024w, https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/image-12.png 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>She and her mother stood in line. The \u201cAngel of Death\u201d \u2013 Nazi SS officer Josef Mengele, a doctor who conducted cruel experiments on prisoners \u2013 stood at the head of the queue. \u201cWhenever he saw two people holding hands he would split them up with a flick of his hand, one to die and one to live,\u201d she told the <em>Observer<\/em>. Those sent to the right were taken straight to the gas chambers. By a miracle \u2013 \u201cGod\u2019s will, I suppose\u201d \u2013 Renee and her mother both went to the left.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"element element-interactive interactive element--supporting\" data-interactive=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/embed\/iframe-wrapper\/0.1\/boot.js\" data-canonical-url=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2020\/01\/auschwitz-map\/giv-3902NOFsOEJJ4mnC\" data-alt=\"Graphic\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2020\/01\/auschwitz-map\/giv-3902NOFsOEJJ4mnC\" width=\"300\" height=\"372\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cI remember everything. In my mind, I can see everything that happened,\u201d she said. \u201cWe were taken to a hall, everyone was stripped and had their heads shaved. They took all our possessions, jewellery, watches, everything. We were all saying prayers, hugging and kissing one another as we thought this was our last hour.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Instead they were given a piece of white linen with a number printed on it, which they had to pin to the clothing they had been allocated \u2013 in Renee\u2019s case, an oversized skirt and a man\u2019s pyjama jacket. No shoes or underwear were provided. For several weeks, the prisoners sat in rows on the stone floor of a hut, day and night.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe were taken to the latrines once a day. Also once a day they brought soup in a pan, one for every five people. There were always arguments \u2013 \u2018you\u2019ve had three sips already\u2019. Everyone wanted the soup from the bottom of the pot because it was a bit thicker. We were not allowed to talk. We had to sleep as we were sitting.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTwice a day we had roll calls outside the hut. Very often people collapsed from weakness. Sometimes someone would die. We were treated just like animals.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Now aged 90, Renee will soon again stand at the gates of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Along with up to 200 other <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/holocaust\" data-link-name=\"auto-linked-tag\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Holocaust<\/a> survivors and scores of heads of state, political leaders and dignitaries, she will mark the 75th anniversary on 27 January of the camp\u2019s liberation by Russian soldiers. A ceremony will include speeches by survivors, and by Andrzej Duda, the Polish president, and Ronald Lauder, president of the World Jewish Congress. Britain will be represented by Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.<\/p>\n<div id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--sky ad-slot--rendered\" data-link-name=\"ad slot inline2\" data-name=\"inline2\" data-mobile=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid\" data-phablet=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid\" data-desktop=\"1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid|300,600|160,600\" data-google-query-id=\"CPTl7Nab_uYCFUKAYgod1xwJMw\">\n<div class=\"ad-slot__label\"><\/div>\n<p>Among other events to mark the anniversary and <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hmd.org.uk\/what-is-holocaust-memorial-day\/this-years-theme\/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIy_OnirL55gIVR7TtCh1bWQb6EAAYASAAEgIIhvD_BwE\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Holocaust Memorial Day<\/a> is a global forum on Remembering the Holocaust: Fighting Antisemitism, at Yad Vashem, Israel\u2019s memorial in Jerusalem, on 23 January. It will be attended by dozens of world leaders, including Emmanuel Macron, the French president, Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, Mike Pence, the US vice-president, and Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the German president. The <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/09\/polish-president-pulls-out-of-holocaust-event-in-israel-over-snub\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Polish president pulled out<\/a> last week, claiming he had been denied the opportunity to make a speech.<\/p>\n<p>At least 1.1 million people \u2013 mostly Jews \u2013 were murdered at Auschwitz, the largest of the Nazi death camps. In the weeks before Red Army troops arrived on 27 January 1945, thousands of prisoners were shot, tens of thousands more forced on to death marches, and most of the gas chambers destroyed. About 7,000 prisoners remained.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-2\" class=\"element element-image img--portrait element--supporting  fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=380&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=08eadc52310e5bb4f6d5bfec3382da2f 760w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=380&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=bd54e2270bf707c355efe430d945567d 380w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=300&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=93d6cefc64c38cdee9211a396809ee69 600w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=300&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=c89d7ad22c27d4a944be4cf4fb745873 300w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=b9fe9f1636af9381c924b6af6740311b 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=88a9bf07e50860c2fd57fc92d83626b8 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=d32e28299c48819d02481e8522591618 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=a5a3c5f9b357c9ec29bf32c079243cb3 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=b399b1f6e716157b94bc88a9167a06ed 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=48141f5342b0a96045feb8f1830807c8 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/f70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc\/0_560_3917_4891\/master\/3917.jpg?width=300&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=c89d7ad22c27d4a944be4cf4fb745873\" alt=\"Renee Salt\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article  hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\"><a class=\"rounded-icon block-share__item block-share__item--facebook js-blockshare-link in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dialog\/share?app_id=180444840287&amp;href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjan%2F12%2Fauschwitz-gates-hell-75-years-on%3FCMP%3Dshare_btn_fb%26page%3Dwith%3Aimg-2%23img-2&amp;picture=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.guim.co.uk%2Ff70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc%2F0_560_3917_4891%2F3917.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" data-link-name=\"social facebook\"><span class=\"u-h\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rounded-icon block-share__item block-share__item--twitter js-blockshare-link in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=The%20gates%20of%20hell%3A%20Auschwitz%2075%20years%20on&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjan%2F12%2Fauschwitz-gates-hell-75-years-on%3FCMP%3Dshare_btn_tw%26page%3Dwith%3Aimg-2%23img-2\" target=\"_blank\" data-link-name=\"social twitter\"><span class=\"u-h\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rounded-icon block-share__item block-share__item--pinterest js-blockshare-link in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?description=The%20gates%20of%20hell%3A%20Auschwitz%2075%20years%20on&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjan%2F12%2Fauschwitz-gates-hell-75-years-on%3Fpage%3Dwith%3Aimg-2%23img-2&amp;media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.guim.co.uk%2Ff70ac4438e2640473e8662c4db8f5720eec787fc%2F0_560_3917_4891%2F3917.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" data-link-name=\"social pinterest\"><span class=\"u-h\">Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">Renee Salt was 15 when she was sent to Auschwitz. Photograph: Antonio Olmos\/the Observer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Renee Salt and her mother had been moved about four months earlier. They were first sent to do back-breaking demolition work in Hamburg, and then to the Bergen-Belsen death camp, which was liberated by British troops on 15 April 1945. Renee\u2019s 42-year-old mother died 12 days later and was buried in a mass grave; Renee was hospitalised for several weeks.<\/p>\n<p>From a huge extended family \u2013 including aunts, uncles and cousins, two sets of grandparents and even a great-grandparent \u2013 only Renee and three aunts survived the Holocaust. In 1949, she married a British soldier who had been part of the Bergen-Belsen liberation force, and the couple had two children and five grandchildren.<\/p>\n<p>For decades, she never spoke of her experiences even to her immediate family, enduring frequent nightmares in isolation. But eventually she accepted an invitation to tell her story to schoolchildren, and in 2005 the BBC broadcast a documentary, <em><a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/archive\/grandchild-of-the-holocaust\/zbxhwty\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Grandchild of the Holocaust<\/a><\/em>, about Renee and her grandson, Adrian, then aged 13.<\/p>\n<p>She returned to Auschwitz for the first time while making the programme. \u201cI didn\u2019t really want to go. I was shaking, I was so frightened, it was terrible. But I sort of buried the ghost,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p>Since then, she has returned dozens of times \u2013 but this visit may be one of the last. Seventy-five years after the end of the second world war, inevitably the number of Holocaust survivors is rapidly dwindling. At a time when antisemitism is rising once again in <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/europe-news\" data-link-name=\"auto-linked-tag\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Europe<\/a>, \u201cthis may be the last significant anniversary we commemorate with eyewitnesses who endured the unimaginable horror of the Holocaust,\u201d said Karen Pollock of the Holocaust Educational Trust.<\/p>\n<p>As well as all the facts, dates and numbers relating to the Holocaust, the world has, for many decades now, been able to \u201csee the faces of people who did not learn about Auschwitz from books and films but actually, tangibly and physically, experienced this hell\u201d, said Piotr Cywi\u0144ski, director of the Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial and museum.<\/p>\n<p>Survivors have become \u201cmoral symbols \u2013 not just of survival but also of resilience\u201d, said Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust scholar at the American Jewish University in California. \u201cThey bore witness to the worst humanity can be, and became voices for dignity, tolerance and decency. The idea that we\u2019re going to lose that generation is enormously painful; we will lose the authenticity that comes from someone who can say \u2018I was there\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"dfp-ad--inline1\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--inline1 ad-slot--rendered\" data-link-name=\"ad slot inline1\" data-name=\"inline1\" data-mobile=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid\" data-phablet=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid\" data-desktop=\"1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid\" data-google-query-id=\"CM6V7teb_uYCFZeTpwodkasPvA\">\n<div class=\"ad-slot__label\"><\/div>\n<p>But, he added, \u201cno generation has left behind as great a historical record\u201d, including memoirs, art, music and video testimony. \u201cAnd we have been planning for a decade or so how to teach about the Holocaust in the absence of living witnesses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Yad Vashem<\/a> holds an extensive archive of video, oral and written testimonies. In 2016, the UK National Holocaust Centre and Museum in Newark launched an innovative way of preserving the responses of survivors to children\u2019s questions. <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/foreverproject.co.uk\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">The Forever Project<\/a> has created lifesize images of survivors which, using digital technology, can \u201canswer\u201d questions in real time from hundreds of pre-recorded replies. The centre has also produced a short film, telling <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.edek.film\/watch-film\/edek-film\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">the story of one survivor <\/a>through the medium of hip-hop, as a means of engaging young people.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a climate of ignorance, trivialisation and denial, the primacy of first-hand testimony cannot be overstated,\u201d said Marc Cave, the centre\u2019s chief executive. \u201cThe Forever Project is the single most important thing we\u2019ve done to future-proof Holocaust education for generations to come.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-3\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape element--showcase  fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-component=\"image\" data-media-id=\"90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=880&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=f15e38cc2b21d2245c244e16f88d6382 1760w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"880px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=880&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=854c9cf4eea33ec4d0de6c8b1be5248a 880w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"880px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=800&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=cf4a4d39948720a27758c93000b45e92 1600w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"800px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=800&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=1531b641636063b1aac51900ec29fc68 800w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" sizes=\"800px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=640&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=df194b2a6f258c13afa82dc4c6e78e38 1280w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"640px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=640&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=e9bd8cbbd1f6245a3e424c03a1b3c5af 640w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px)\" sizes=\"640px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=9756f028abb904e80603f27ebba40e3f 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=f8b1f7c942ebd775a8fb1ac193618211 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=87c4deaf33c38cc7e83e33e7e7fe5f4d 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=6c77c53d20ce8fb7ba2438ca77314c72 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=0779bf04ca8bed0497d5a5a8546b1970 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=37d2d5188f96cc498e2b93fd20d3e8aa 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/90abeede3571638d223268f22af8e078c45a17e9\/0_242_1875_1125\/master\/1875.jpg?width=300&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=2d248fbf0e36b40d70cf11924f9a578e\" alt=\"Children found at Auschwitz after the liberation of the camp in 1945.\" \/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption caption--img caption caption--img\">Children found at Auschwitz after the liberation of the camp in 1945. Photograph: AP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"dfp-ad--inline3\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline3 ad-slot--rendered\" data-link-name=\"ad slot inline3\" data-name=\"inline3\" data-mobile=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid\" data-phablet=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid\" data-desktop=\"1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid|300,600|160,600\" data-google-query-id=\"CLui-deb_uYCFYR5YgodlwwMwQ\">\n<div class=\"ad-slot__label\"><\/div>\n<p>There is also \u201csecondary testimony\u201d \u2013 accounts from children and grandchildren of their parents\u2019 and grandparents\u2019 stories. But many survivors\u2019 descendents also have their own stories to tell of living in the long shadow of the Holocaust.<\/p>\n<p>The impact on the \u201csecond generation\u201d has been extensively researched, with psychologists and academics noting symptoms of trauma such as clinical depression, anxiety, addiction and eating disorders among some descendants. Now it is being acknowledged that some of the third generation are also struggling under the weight of family history.<\/p>\n<p>Allison Nazarian\u2019s maternal grandparents survived Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, where her mother was born. She has written a book, <em><a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/allisonnazarian.com\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">Aftermath: A Granddaughter\u2019s Story of Legacy, Healing and Hope<\/a><\/em>, about her third-generation experience. \u201cI was close to my grandparents. They freely and graphically talked of their lives during the Holocaust. I absorbed their experiences. It was all I heard about. I was surrounded by the Holocaust; it was part of every story, every discussion, every day of my life,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI was told, \u2018they could come for us at any time, you have to be ready\u2019. Even now, I have a \u2018go bag\u2019 with passports and essentials. There are certain things I have an irrational fear of running out of. It was only at 12 or 13 I realised not everyone\u2019s grandparents were in the Holocaust. It made me who I am.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Now 48, Nazarian decided she would not expose her children \u2013 the fourth generation \u2013 to the same trauma. \u201cI don\u2019t want it to sound as if I\u2019m resentful or regretful \u2013 I\u2019m very proud of my grandparents. But I don\u2019t think passing on the burden would help. My children are 100% free of it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A second-generation survivor, Naomi Levy, said descendants had a strong sense of an \u201coverall sense of loss and ghosts from the pasts\u201d. She went through a period of \u201ctrying to repel, to push it away\u201d but eventually embraced researching and recording her family history, \u201ctrying to piece everything together\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>With regard to her own children, now adults, she said: \u201cI wanted to protect them from it for as long as possible. I was very careful around the subject as they grew up. It\u2019s a balancing act \u2013 I don\u2019t want it to be a burden, but it is what it is. I think they will want to know more, but I\u2019m not going to make them face it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In Israel, a small number of third-generation survivors have had their grandparents\u2019 camp identification numbers <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/10\/01\/world\/middleeast\/with-tattoos-young-israelis-bear-holocaust-scars-of-relatives.html\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">tattooed on their own arms<\/a> as a memorial. The trend, although limited, has been controversial and shocking to many, and not just because of the Jewish prohibition on tattoos.<\/p>\n<p>But, for many, the young people\u2019s motive \u2013 \u201cnever forget\u201d \u2013 is more relevant than ever in a time of rising antisemitism, nationalism and populism. According to Cywi\u0144ski, the significance of this year\u2019s anniversary lies not just in the number of years since the liberation of Auschwitz, but is \u201crelated to the world we live in today. Antisemitism, racist and xenophobic reactions are being revived on an unexpected scale, and groups that openly promote hatred are on the rise. All this in the profound helplessness of our democratic institutions, weakened by populism and demagoguery, which have been reborn in so many countries around the world\u201d.<\/p>\n<div id=\"dfp-ad--inline4\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline4 ad-slot--rendered\" data-link-name=\"ad slot inline4\" data-name=\"inline4\" data-mobile=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid\" data-phablet=\"1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid\" data-desktop=\"1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid|300,600|160,600\" data-google-query-id=\"CJSI19ib_uYCFRN9YgodkzoDLA\">\n<div class=\"ad-slot__label\"><\/div>\n<p>It was a mistake to put the Holocaust into a box marked \u201chistory\u201d, said Cave. \u201cWhen we see <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-london-50600887\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">lesbians beaten up on a bus<\/a> or monkey chants at a football match, these are symptoms of \u2018othering\u2019 \u2013 and that\u2019s exactly how the Holocaust and most genocides start. There is no greater lesson than the warning from history of the Holocaust.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Renee Salt has told her story over and over again \u201cso that people shouldn\u2019t forget. There are still people who say it didn\u2019t happen, there are still deniers. But you can\u2019t hide people like me away. At the end of the war, we believed what happened could never and would never happen again. But now it\u2019s a worrying time.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>In memory<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Auschwitz-Birkenau<\/strong><br \/>\nAn official memorial event will mark the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi death camp on 27 January, International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Up to 200 Holocaust survivors who were imprisoned at the camp will attend, along with heads of state from at least 22 countries. A ceremony at 3.30pm will be addressed by survivors, Poland\u2019s president Andrzej Duda, and Ronald Lauder, president of the World Jewish Congress. It will end with the kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yad Vashem<\/strong><br \/>\nA forum under the banner Remembering the Holocaust, Fighting Antisemitism will be held at Yad Vashem, the Holocaust memorial near Jerusalem. More than 40 state leaders, royals and other dignitaries will be there. Prince Charles will represent the UK as part of his first official visit to Israel. As well as meeting Holocaust survivors, Charles will also visit Bethlehem and meet Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas. (A tweet last month from the British consulate in East Jerusalem welcoming Charles\u2019s visit to the \u201cOccupied Palestinian Territories\u201d was met with an <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thejc.com\/news\/uk-news\/yair-netanyahu-attacks-uk-s-jerusalem-consulate-for-saying-occupied-palestinian-territories-1.494725\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">undiplomatic riposte <\/a>from Yair Netanyahu, the son of Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu. \u201cGod willing you guys will be kicked out of Israel soon. Until then I\u2019m thinking of visiting the occupied lands of Scotland or Wales, which do you recommend?\u201d the younger Netanyahu tweeted.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>The BBC<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the run-up to the anniversary, the BBC is broadcasting a range of documentaries and dramas, plus <em>Songs of Praise<\/em> from the UK National Holocaust Centre and Museum and live coverage of the commemoration in Poland. \u201cWe\u2019re offering everyone the chance to reflect on the consequences of prejudice and hatred, and in doing so we\u2019ll ensure that the millions of lives lost in the Holocaust are not forgotten,\u201d said Tony Hall, the BBC\u2019s director general.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The UK National Holocaust Centre and Museum<\/strong><br \/>\nThe centre in Nottinghamshire \u2013 founded by a Christian family in 1991 \u2013 is taking a virtual reality exhibition, The Eye As Witness, around the country. It invites people to think critically about propaganda techniques and racism and hatred today.<\/p>\n<p><strong>75 Memorial Flames exhibition<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Holocaust Memorial Day Trust invited organisations and community groups, including prisons, schools and faith groups, to make artworks featuring a <a class=\"u-underline in-body-link--immersive\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hmd.org.uk\/news\/75-memorial-flames-selected-for-hmdts-national-exhibition\/\" data-link-name=\"in body link\">memorial flame<\/a>. Seventy-five have been chosen for an exhibition that will launch at the memorial day ceremony in Westminster on 27 January and then tour the UK.<\/p>\n<div class=\"submeta \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/12\/auschwitz-gates-hell-75-years-on\">The Observer<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Harriet Sherwood, Observer Speical Report, London, Sun 12 Jan 2020 The Nazi death camp where more than one million people perished was liberated on 27 January 1945. As one survivor, now aged 90, prepares to commemorate the date, she explains why the Holocaust must never be forgotten \u2026 especially in an age of rising [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1001004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9010"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1001004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9010"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9022,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9010\/revisions\/9022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worldcampaign.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}